违反安全保障义务侵权责任的体系构造被引量：44

The Systemic Construction of the Tort Liability for the Violation of the Duty of Safety Protection

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摘要民法典编纂中,违反安全保护义务的侵权责任是一个重要问题。安全保障义务是为了解决风险致害类侵权责任构造的制度设计,其适用范围不应限定于经营场所、公共场所的经营者或群众性活动的组织者,还应当包括其他实施具有致害风险行为的人。安全保障义务并非绝对的杜绝风险实现的义务,而仅是合理防范避免风险实现的义务,因而安全保障义务要求合理且可能。其具体内容与限度要综合考虑致害风险的大小、可能损害的严重程度、防范风险实现的成本等因素予以认定。违反安全保障义务侵权责任的因果关系具有特殊性,不但需要通过相当因果关系理论予以认定,还需要通过法规目的理论予以进一步限定。立法关于第三人介入型的违反安全保障义务的补充责任的规定,其实是一种有顺位限定的部分连带责任。在外部关系中,第三人承担全部责任,安全保障义务人仅就自己的份额承担责任。在内部关系中,第三人对于超过其份额承担的责任可以向安全保障义务人追偿。 The tort liability for the violation of the duty of safety protection is an important issue in the codification of civil code. The duty of safety protection,which is designed to construct the tort liability caused by the risk,can be assumed by not only the manager of public venue,the organizer of mass activity,but also any other person who has created the risk. The duty of safety protection is not to completely eradicate risk,but to reasonably avoid risk. Therefore,the duty of safety protection requires reasonability and possibility. The concreate content and limitation of the duty of safety protection are based on the comprehensive evaluation of the amount of the risk,the severity of the possible damage,and the burden to avoid the risk. The causation of the liability for the violation of duty of safety protection is special. It should not only be constructed with the theory of adequate causation but also be further restricted by the theory of purpose in legal norm. The subsidiary liability for the violation of the duty to avoid damage caused by unauthorized third party is in fact a partial joint liability with certain sequence. In the external connection,the third party is reliable for the full damage,while the person who assumes the duty of safety protection is reliable for certain part of the damage.In the internal connection,the third party can recover his exceeding loss from the person who assumes the duty of safety protection.

作者刘召成 Liu Zhaocheng(Tenured Professor of the Law School of Tianjin University)

机构地区天津大学法学院

出处《国家检察官学院学报》 CSSCI 北大核心 2019年第6期53-66,共14页 Journal of National Prosecutors College

基金国家社科基金项目“人格尊严的私法转化与私法构造研究”(19BFX152)阶段性成果

关键词安全保障义务补充责任连带责任侵权责任民法典 Duty of Safety Protection Subsidiary Liability Joint Liability Tort Liability Civil Code

分类号 D923 [政治法律—民商法学]

作者简介刘召成,天津大学法学院长聘教授、法学博士,中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心兼职研究员。