摘要
我国法学界和司法实务界通常均认为,法院在民事案件中应当依职权审查民事合同的效力,处理合同效力有无这一实体法事项的程序法机制具有中国特色。在合同效力问题分别构成案件中的争点和独立的诉讼标的时,其裁判技术存在差异。民事实体法上的理解支持法院对合同效力的审查职权,但其在民事诉讼中仍应受到辩论主义的限制。法院依职权审查合同效力与法院的释明权相联系。应当区分2019年《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》规定的强调法官的法律观点开示义务的合同无效释明与《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》规定的对合同无效的预备性释明,后者对应民事之诉的客观预备合并。现有法院依职权审查合同效力原则与处分权主义存在张力。审判对象与范围仍应由当事人自主决定。在理论上,可以考虑采取诉讼法二分支说放宽重复起诉标准。
It has been believed that Chinese Courts are supposed to examine the validity of civil contracts in any civil process sua sponte,which makes the procedural mechanism to fulfill this judicial task a crucial one in theory as well as in practice.The specific approach to make any adjudication depends on whether the validity of a contract constitutes a disputed issue or an independent subject matter of the claim(Streitgegenstand).The understanding from the perspective of substantive law could support this judicial power of examination.However,the adversary principle(Verhandlungsprinzip)is still able to set up some restriction on the operation of this power.The examination sua sponte relates to the judicial responsibility of clarification(Aufkl?rungspflicht).Regarding the validity of a contract,there is great difference between on one hand,the responsibility of clarification in the judicial interpretation of 2019 named as Some Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Evidence in Civil Procedures which places stress on revealing the current opinion and legal evaluation of judges,and on the other hand,the hypothetical responsibility of clarification in some leading judicial policy released at the end of 2019.The latter one refers to a possible objective aggregation of claims(eventuelle Klagenh?ufung)as well.There is some serious tension between the adoption of this judicial power of examination and the principle of party disposition in practice.Parties are the right person to determine the object of together with the scope of adjudication in a civil litigation.Alternatively,some loose interpretation of the current rules on relitigation could be obtained through the adoption of theory of procedural law,which consists of two major elements(the relief sought and the factual ground of the claim),on the identification of claims.
出处
《法制与社会发展》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第3期205-224,共20页
Law and Social Development
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目“我国民事诉讼标的识别的诉讼法进路研究”(18CFX033)的阶段性成果
关键词
合同效力
依职权审查
释明义务
处分权主义
诉讼标的
Validity of Contract
Examination Sua Sponte
Judicial Responsibility of Clarification
Principle of Party Disposition
Subject Matter of Action
作者简介
曹志勋,北京大学法学院助理教授。
