摘要
新技术形态下的虚拟数字人“类人化”实现了“由拟人形象向真人形象、从单向功能到交互功能”的突破性发展。虚拟数字人形象可能构成美术作品受著作权法保护,其形象与真人的趋近程度与独创性大致呈反比关系,以复刻特定自然人(或逝者)的肖像为目标的虚拟数字人静态形象不构成美术作品。真人驱动型虚拟数字人的“表演”事实上是“中之人”的表演,有关表演者财产权利归属基于特定关系归于本人或雇佣主体,而表明身份等人身权利须受必要限制。GenAI型虚拟数字人的生产内容(包括音乐、形体表演及文字、绘画等作品)具有可版权性,而版权归属分配以当事人约定为先,尤应注意格式条款规则的运用,若无约定原则上归属于使用者。为了防止因外观近似混淆引发欺诈行为,确保市场对GenAI型虚拟数字人生成内容的公平定价,应当强制GenAI型虚拟数字人运营者对AIGC进行标识。作为现实中民事主体在虚拟世界的数字交往化身,虚拟数字人可能成为民事主体某些人格利益延伸的载体,但前提在于特定民事主体与虚拟数字人在对应性、一致性上的满足。
Under emerging technological frameworks,the‘human⁃like’evolution of virtual digital humans has achieved transformative advancements,progressing from‘anthropomorphic simulations to hyper⁃realistic embodiments and from unidirectional functionalities to interactive capabilities’.The visual design of virtual digital humans may qualify as artistic works protected under copyright law,with originality inversely correlated to their degree of resemblance to real humans.Static virtual digital human images created to replicate the likeness of specific natural persons(including deceased individuals)lack sufficient originality to constitute copyrightable artistic works.For human⁃driven virtual digital humans,their‘performances’inherently originate from the human performer(operator).Property rights associated with such performances may be allocated to the performer or their contractual employer,whereas moral rights,such as attribution,must adhere to predefined limitations.Content generated by GenAI⁃powered virtual digital humans—including music,physical performances,texts,and visual artworks—may qualify for copyright protection.Ownership of such rights should prioritize contractual agreements,particularly addressing standard⁃form clause governance.Absent explicit agreements,copyrights default to the user.To mitigate market confusion and ensure equitable pricing for AI⁃generated content(AIGC),regulatory mandates should require GenAI operators to disclose AIGC provenance.As digital extensions of natural persons in virtual environments,virtual digital humans may embody specific personality interests of their real⁃world counterparts,contingent upon verifiable identity alignment and behavioral consistency.
作者
李昊
徐耀铭
LI Hao;XU Yaoming
出处
《法治研究》
北大核心
2025年第4期16-30,共15页
Research on Rule of Law
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目“原因理论在中国民法中的体系构建”(项目编号:23AFX013)阶段性成果。
关键词
虚拟数字人
美术作品
表演
AIGC
可版权性
人格要素
virtual digital humans
artistic works
performance
AI⁃generated content(AIGC)
copyrightability
personality elements
作者简介
李昊,中南财经政法大学法学院教授、博士生导师,法学博士;徐耀铭,中南财经政法大学法学院博士研究生。
