摘要
数据已成为新型劳动生产资料融入工业领域,并成为推动新质生产力发展的重要要素。在数据要素推动新质生产力发展的时代背景下,新劳动者、新劳动资料、新劳动对象逐步演变为数据劳动主体、数据生产要素、数据产品及服务。数据要素赋能新质生产力“三新”要素发展过程中,面临数据劳动主体法律地位待明确、数据要素技术标准难以联通、数据产品产权确认陷入争议的法律适用困境。基于权利能力理论、自由意志与决定论、数据分类分级原则、场景一致理论等,立足“模式+赋权”“标准+指南”“权利+利益”三位一体布局,化解法律规制的不足,并提出数据劳动主体资格登记及劳动赋权模式、数据要素技术标准联通路径、数据产品产权结构分置的确权布局。
In the industrial field,data has emerged as a novel form of labor-intensive production,becoming a pivotal catalyst for enhancing new quality productive forces.New quality productive forces refer to the manifestation of contemporary productive forces at a higher level,symbolizing the transition and advancement of existing productive capacities.The"three new"elements of new quality productive forces consist of new workers,new labor materials,and new labor objects.New quality workers gradually transition to data control subjects,using new labor materials such as data production factors,and producing new labor objects like data products,applications,and services.However,the application of data production factors to enable the"three new"elements of new quality productive forces is currently encountering certain challenges in terms of legal implementation.These challenges include the ambiguity of data labor subject identification,the complexity of compatibility with labor data technical standard data formats,and the difficulty of distinguishing property rights structures in labor object data products.This paper focuses on the three aspects of"labour force+production tools+products and services",combined with the"right capacity theory"and"free will and determinism",to explore the necessary elements of the establishment of the subject of law.The method of obtaining the legal qualification of data labour subject is verified by using the legislation technology of"legal fiction".According to data classification and classification principle and scene consistency theory,the technical standard communication ideas of data elements are determined.The paper also clarifies the basic assumption of data product property structure division based on"right division thinking"and"limited property theory".In addition,it draws on extraterritorial examples of artificial intelligence to obtain legal subject qualification and personality rights and other related rights and interests,as well as domestic existing data classification and format compatibility standards and domestic and foreign judicial precedents on the separation of property rights structure of data products.The paper puts forward a legal regulatory path for data elements to promote the development of new quality productive forces from three dimensions:"model+empowerment","standards+guidelines"and"rights+interests".These are underpinned by the development background of"three new"elements of data elements to empower new quality productive forces.Firstly,the recognition of data labor subjects will become the application prospect of new workers and the application of legal legislative technology.When data labor subjects possess"free will"and"right capacity",they will undergo procedures similar to the registration of legal persons.This includes proposing a data labor subject legal qualification registration system,a new quality certification model,and a labor rights and interests protection mechanism.Secondly,technical standards for data elements need to be formulated to connect and integrate the path.This involves establishing industrial data classification and classification guidelines for labor scenarios,formulating data element format compatibility specifications,and building a trusted and general industrial data circulation standard system.This system should clarify the source and use of data,determine compatible data interaction protocols,and unify available data standards and norms.Finally,it is advocated that data products should be included in the category of new labour objects,and the generation path of data product ownership should be clearly defined by the separation structure of data resource ownership and data resource usufruct.While the partitioning method of data property rights with the separation of data resource ownership rights,data processing rights and data product management rights should be applied.The analysis of property rights and interests of data products in production,processing,terminal and other links can be conducted from the perspectives of the right subject,right object,right content and exercise mode.The data property rights separation derived from the"right division thinking"is capable of resolving the ownership and property rights disputes caused by multi-subject,cross-scene and cross-platform labor contributions of data products,and establishing a new recognition method of digital rights between labor objects and data rights system.
作者
王雪琪
Wang Xueqi(School of Law,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China)
出处
《科技进步与对策》
北大核心
2025年第7期21-32,共12页
Science & Technology Progress and Policy
基金
陕西省软科学基金项目(2024ZC-YBXM-185)。
关键词
数据要素
新质生产力
法律拟制
技术标准
数据产权
Data Elements
New Quality Productive Forces
Legal Fiction
Technical Standards
Data Property Rights
作者简介
王雪琪(1996-),女,黑龙江佳木斯人,西安交通大学法学院博士研究生,研究方向为知识产权法、科技法。
