摘要
不法获取个人信息行为的司法犯罪化现象频发,但随着个人信息保护领域的前置法规范供给补足,刑事手段已退居二线,刑法规制呈限缩转向。该行为的刑事评价关键有二:一是“不法”,即是否“违反国家有关规定”而属于不法行为;二是“情节”,即是否以“合法经营”为目的而适用特殊情节条款。其出罪机制亦应围绕上述两点展开。在罪与非罪的认定层面,“违反国家有关规定”系侵犯公民个人信息罪的构成要件要素而非违法阻却事由。在效力位阶上,其发挥形式入罪机能时仅包含法律及行政法规,发挥实质出罪机能时可涵盖部门规章及其他规范性文件;在援引内容上,对于适用普通法定刑的一般主体,空白规范依据必须与个人信息保护相关,对于适用升格法定刑的特殊主体,则在符合相关职责规定的情形下应当不予从重处罚。在罪轻罪重的判断层面,“为合法经营活动”指信息预期用于正常经营活动,在符合特殊情节条款的适用条件时,优先适用特殊定罪量刑标准。但该条关于行为方式与行为对象的限制条件,存在堵塞出罪路径之弊,对此应予修正,且需注意兜底条款的类型解释,确保三类不法情节危害性相当;在规范性质上,“为合法经营活动”属于量刑情节并能够减轻责任刑,在查证属实后即使不符合特殊情节条款的适用条件,仍可予以从宽处罚。
The judicial criminalization of illegal acquisition of personal information occurs frequently,but with the supply of pre-existing legal norms in the field of personal information protection,criminal means has taken a back seat,and the criminal law system has taken a restrictive turn.There are two key points in the criminal evaluation of the act:first,“illegality”,that is,whether it is an illegal act because it“violates relevant state regulations”.The second is“circumstances”,that is,whether the special circumstances clause is applied for the purpose of“lawful business”,so the mechanism for exculpating the crime should also revolve around the above two points.At the level of determining crime and non-crime,“violation of relevant state provisions”is an element of the constitutive element of the crime of infringing on citizens’personal information,rather than a cause of illegal obstruction.In terms of the content of the citations,for ordinary entities applying ordinary legally-prescribed punishments,the blank normative basis must be related to the protection of personal information,and for special entities applying the legally-prescribed penalties to be upgraded,where the relevant duties are met,heavier punishments shall not be given.At the level of judging the severity of the crime,“for lawful business activities”means that the information is expected to be used for normal business activities,and when the conditions for the application of the special circumstances clause are met,the special conviction and sentencing standards are preferentially applied,but the restrictions on the mode of conduct and the object of the conduct in this article have the drawbacks of blocking the path of the crime and should be amended,and attention should be paid to the type interpretation of the catch-all clause to ensure that the harmfulness of the three types of illegal circumstances is comparable.“For lawful business activities”is a sentencing circumstance in a normative nature and can reduce the penalty of responsibility,and even if the conditions for the application of the special circumstances clause are not met after verification is verified,a lenient punishment may still be given.
作者
张亚飞
赵真
ZHANG Yafei;ZHAO Zhen(School of Law,Shanxi University of Finance and Economics,Taiyuan 030000,China;Social Law Research Center,Shanxi University of Finance and Economics,Taiyuan 030000,China)
出处
《重庆邮电大学学报(社会科学版)》
2025年第4期81-91,共11页
Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Social Science Edition)
基金
山西省社会科学界联合会重点课题:山西省企业跨境数据合规平台体系立法研究(SSKLZDKT2024082)。
关键词
侵犯公民个人信息罪
违反国家有关规定
为合法经营活动
犯罪圈限缩
crime of infringing upon citizens’personal information
violating relevant national regulations
for lawful business activities
restriction of criminal circumference
作者简介
张亚飞,副教授,博士、博士后,山西财经大学法学院副院长,主要从事刑法学、法律史研究,E-mail:zhangyafei6199@163.com;赵真,博士研究生,主要从事刑法学、社会法学研究,E-mail:1285290251@qq.com。
