摘要
大数据正在对中国社会科学研究范式、路径、方法和未来发展产生极其重大而深远的影响和挑战。然而,对于以各种算法为基础的大数据而言,在其数据收集、处理和应用中,也出现了相应的不正义伦理议题,亟需社会科学研究者进行深入思考。所谓的算法不正义,指的是在大数据的知识建构过程中,社会不同个体或团体,在大数据资源的占有、使用和分配上出现不平等,从而导致在数据资源的"代表性"、"用户画像"、决策支持、行动干预等不同维度上出现不正义的情形。在大数据收集、处理、应用的过程中,算法忽视或者无法甄别数据来源,传输和使用过程中对某个区域范围内总人口中特定人群的优待或者排斥,从而导致数据本身所蕴含的不平等被原封不动地转移到大数据的计算结果之中,这种计算结果有可能反过来进一步加剧原本不同人群在数据资源分配和再分配上的不平等,进而导致基于算法的大数据不平等和不正义。为了解决这些算法不正义的问题,学者们也提出了诸如"促进平等的数据倡议"的行动方案,有些国家和地区还出现了公民自发的"量化自我"运动,以有意识地应对因大数据及其算法而导致的不平等和不正义。
Big data has begun having broad and far-reaching impacts on paradigms,methodologies,approaches and future developments in social science research.However,the algorithms-based big data during data collection,processing and application may encounter certain ethical issues of injustice,wherefrom the term"Algorithmic Injustice"is coined,referring to the scenario of inequity and inequality in possessing,using and distributing big data resources by individuals or social groups to such an extent that injustice will manifest itself along the dimensions of representativeness,user profile,policy support or social intervention.When data is being collected,processed or applied,the embedded algorithms may ignore or fail to detect the mechanism of exclusion/inclusion of certain groups in a population within a given region,resulting in a transfer of inequality from the society to big data.When such inequality-reproducing data is used as a basis for the making of public policies or decisions,it will further exacerbate the existing inequity in(re)distribution of big data resources among social groups.To solve these problems,there has emerged a proposition by scholars who argue for"pro-equity data initiatives",alongside a bottom-up movement of"quantified self"in several states or regions.All these can be classified as conscious efforts to counteract the possible pitfalls of injustice as brought along by the algorithms in big data.
作者
林曦
郭苏建
Lin Xi;Guo Sujian
出处
《社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第8期3-22,共20页
Journal of Social Sciences
作者简介
林曦,复旦大学社会科学高等研究院教授、院长助理;郭苏建,教育部“长江学者”特聘教授,复旦大学社会科学高等研究院院长。
