摘要
当前,区块链技术乃炙手可热的前沿科技,在计算机创新领域具有极其重要的地位,大有呈现"区块链+"的发展趋势,其应用场景也呈现出以比特币为核心"三环扩散"的涟漪形态。尽管区块链技术本身具有中立性,但行为人以违法犯罪为目的,利用区块链技术的行为仍然可以评价为刑法上的危害行为。实践中,区块链技术正面临多重不法风险,其中,"圈钱"性质的不法行为(吸收研发投资和发行虚拟货币),涉嫌非法集资类犯罪;以区块链的名义行骗,涉嫌诈骗罪或合同诈骗罪;传播勒索病毒索取比特币,涉嫌破坏计算机信息系统罪与敲诈勒索罪(或诈骗罪)的牵连犯;利用比特币跨境逃汇、掩饰隐瞒不法资产,分别成立逃汇罪、掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益罪(或洗钱罪);利用虚拟货币开展网络传销,成立组织、领导传销活动罪。值得注意的是:虚拟货币场外交易不具有可罚性,非法代币融资发行行为也不构成非法经营罪;侵财类犯罪中,建议由央行指定的机构参照域外市场价格认定比特币的价格;本人犯罪后又掩饰隐瞒的,不成立掩饰隐瞒犯罪,但成立逃汇罪。在程序法中,对羁押、取证、追赃等都有不同的要求,尤其是电子数据取证和区块链技术取证,应当予以关注。
At present, blockchain technology is a cutting-edge technology and plays an extremely important role in the field of computer innovation. There is a development trend of'blockchain +', and its application field also shows a pattern of outward diffusion centering on bitcoin. In practice, the blockchain technology is facing multiple illegal risks. Although the blockchain technology itself is neutral, the actor’s use of blockchain technology for criminal purposes can still be evaluated as hazardous behavior. Among them, illegal fund-raising is suspected of illegal fund-raising crimes. Fraud in the name of blockchain is suspected of fraud or contract fraud. Spreading extortion virus to demand bitcoin is suspected of damaging computer information system crime and racketeering crime. Using bitcoin to evade foreign exchange across the border and concealing illegal assets are respectively suspected of crimes of evading foreign exchange and concealing crimes. Using virtual currency to carry out online pyramid selling is suspected of organizing and leading pyramid selling activities. It is worth noting that the over-the-counter transactions of virtual currencies are not punishable, and the illegal financing and issuance of virtual currencies do not constitute the crime of illegal operation. In the case of property infringement crimes, it is suggested that the institution designated by the central bank shall determine the price of bitcoin by referring to the overseas market price. If he conceals the crime after committing the crime, he shall not be guilty of concealing the crime, but shall be guilty of evading foreign exchange. In procedural law, there are different requirements for custody, evidence collection and asset recovery, especially for electronic data collection and evidence collection by using blockchain technology, which should be paid attention to.
出处
《东方法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第3期72-86,共15页
Oriental Law
关键词
区块链
不法风险
刑事犯罪
实体认定
程序法应对
blockchain
illegal risk
crimes
crimes finding
criminal procedural response
