摘要
形成商事法律关系的评价机制是建构商法体系的关键环节。传统商法学说对商事法律关系的界定存在不足:权利客体的特殊性对于商事法律关系的评价意义有限;传统的商主体学说是形式性的;以主体的交易经验等因素作为直接的评价连接点不仅存在巨大缺陷,而且缺乏实证法基础。《民法典》原则上将商事因素作为多项制度的考量因素之一,例外地规定了针对企业的特别制度。从商法典的普遍历史来看,企业经营组织是各国商法的共同基础。规范性平均类型意义上的企业经营组织是由最低限度的劳动力与复数财产要素所组成的独立、持续营业的组织化统一体,在市场上有偿地以供给方的容态出现。农村承包经营户、个体工商户可借助商事登记确定商主体身份;营利法人及经济性的非法人组织是法定的企业经营者;其他法人以其从事营业活动为限,构成企业经营者。在企业经营组织及企业经营者基础上将进一步形成三种维度的商法规范,前者的对外私法活动相应地构成商事法律关系。
Shaping the identification mechanism of a commercial law relationship is one of the key steps towards the construction of a commercial law system.The traditional theories of identifying a commercial law relationship are insufficient in several ways:the particularity of the objects of rights is of limited significance for the identification of commercial law relationships;the traditional commercial law subject theory is too formalistic for practical use;and identifying commercial law relationship through the subject’s transaction experience and other factors can be misleading and has no legal basis.The Chinese Civil Code uses commercial factors as one of the elements for consideration when applying norms in principle and sets a single particular norm for enterprises.The general history of commercial codes has revealed that the enterprise is the common basis of the commercial laws across different countries.In the sense of an average normative type,an enterprise could be defined as an independent and continuously operating business organization composed of the minimum labor force and multiple property elements,appearing in the market as suppliers for profit-seeking purposes.Rural usufructuary households and sole traders can use commercial registration to determine their identity as a business entity.Profit-seeking legal persons and unincorporated economic organizations are enterprise operators by legal default.Other legal persons could be enterprise operators by virtue of their business activities.On the basis of enterprise and enterprise operators,commercial law norms could be further developed in three different dimensions.
出处
《中外法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期803-823,共21页
Peking University Law Journal
基金
2020年度上海市哲学社会科学规划青年课题“《民法典》视野下商事审判的原理与技术研究”(项目编号:2020EFX002)的阶段性研究成果
关键词
商事法律关系
企业经营组织
企业经营者
商主体
Commercial Law Relationship
Enterprise
Enterprise Operator
Commercial Law Subject
作者简介
施鸿鹏,复旦大学法学院讲师。
