摘要
动产抵押领域权利顺位规范的明晰是解决我国中小企业融资难和制约我国经济发展的问题的重要方法,而在我国民法典在动产抵押领域全面引入美国对抗规则的背景下,正常经营活动中的买受人制度被扩张至整个动产抵押领域。但正常经营活动中的买受人制度作为处理动产抵押领域抵押权人与抵押物买受人之间关系的核心,目前在我国的立法、司法及理论界的研究均十分有限。因此其制度理论基础和构成要件亟须明确,又因我国正常经营活动中的买受人制度继受自美国《统一商法典》§9-320(a),所以对于美国相关制度的研究及分析这些规定在我国的适用性是必要且有意义的。正常经营活动中的买受人制度理论基础为美国《统一商法典》§2-403(a)规定的“委托”规则和“禁反言”规则。在明确理论基础后,通过对美国法判例进行检索、综述,所得出的正常经营活动中的买受人制度构成要件为:(1)存在“买受”这一事实;(2)交易不属于大宗买卖;(3)交易不包括为全部或部分清偿金钱债务所进行的转让;(4)交易不包括为担保金钱债务所进行的转让;(5)买受人不属于典当商;(6)买受物的交付已经完成;(7)买受人为善意,善意指的是不知其买受行为侵害了第三人的权利,当买受人为商人时,善意还包括的关于公平交易的合理商业准则的遵守;(8)买受行为处于正常经营活动中,该规定为兜底条款。尽管因为制度差异而应当在一些问题上作出调整,但总体而言,美国法对于正常经营活动中的买受人的构成要件同样适用于我国。在整个动产抵押领域适用正常经营活动中的买受人制度不仅弥补了原有规范的不足,还体现了制度从对占有的信赖的保护到对市场交易安全的保护的观念转变,且有利于加快商品流通、促进经济发展。
One effective way to tackle the problem of fund raising of Chinese medium-and-minor sized enterprises which has impeded the development of economy for decades is to clarify the right rank concerning chattel mortgage issues.Since we have introduced the US Confrontation Rule to our country,enlarging the boundary of Buyers in Ordinary Course of Business to include the whole chattel mortgage issue in our latest Civil Law,the US regulations concerning relative issue should be examined,especially when our country’s knowledge about the Buyers in Ordinary Course of Business rules is in a primitive stage,and the provision of Buyers in Ordinary Course of Business is derived from§9-320(a)of United Commercial Code.Thetheory on which it is based is“entrustment”and“estoppel”.After searching and analyzing relative cases of American courts,the passage draws a conclusion about the conditions which have to be met for a person to become a buyer in ordinary course of business.The conditions are:(1)The purchase contract has to be effective which constitutes a fact of buying;(2)The transfer is not bulk sale;(3)The transfer is not in partial or complete payment of debt;(4)The transfer is not a security for debt;(5)The buyer is not a pawnbroker;(6)The goods are delivered;(7)The buyer is in good faith.And by good faith,we mean that the buyer does not know his purchase violates others’rights,and when the buyer is a merchant,good faith also includes the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the trade;(8)The purchase is made during ordinary course of business.Although some regulations concerning Buyers in Ordinary Course of Business should be altered to fitChinese demands,in general,American regulations concerning this issue is suitable.As a result,the implementation of regulations concerning Buyers in Ordinary Course of Business covers the shortage of our original provisions,and is beneficial to economic development.
出处
《清华法律评论》
2022年第1期15-48,共34页
Tsinghua Law Review
关键词
正常经营活动中的买受人
动产抵押
比较法
Buyers in Ordinary Course of Business
Chattel Mortgage
Comparative Law
作者简介
龙俊,清华大学法学院副教授、博士生导师;高曼琳,清华大学法学院硕士研究生。
