噪声污染侵权归责原则的合理构建——基于司法实践的经验

The Rational Establishment of the Liability Attribution Principle for Noise Pollution Tort in the Environmental Code:Based on Judicial Practice Experience

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摘要由于《民法典》和《噪声污染防治法》的不同规定,当前司法实践中对于噪声污染侵权的归责原则上存在着过错责任与无过错责任原则适用不一的问题。噪声污染侵权归责原则的合理构建需要立足于噪声污染的特性与司法实践的长期经验。《生态环境法典》应当确立以过错责任为主体,以无过错责任为例外的噪声污染侵权二元归责原则体系。在过错的判断标准上,主要应以超过噪声排放标准作为依据,在缺少排放标准的噪声领域,可以暂时适用《声环境质量标准》作为补充。基于社会生活噪声的特点和复杂性,在涉及相邻关系的社会生活噪声污染领域,即便噪声不超标,也可以依据侵权人存在“重大过错”并对被侵权人造成“严重后果”要求侵权人承担侵权责任。对涉及直接财产损失的噪声污染侵权案件,应当例外适用无过错责任原则。电磁辐射污染和光污染侵权的归责原则也可以参照噪声污染侵权的归责原则构建。 Due to the different provisions in the Civil Code and the Noise Pollution Prevention and Control Law,there is currently a problem in judicial practice regarding the different application of the fault liability and no-fault liability principles for noise pollution tort liability.The reasonable establishment of the principle for noise pollution tort liability requires a foundation based on the characteristics of noise pollution and the long-term experience of judicial practice.The noise pollution tort liability principle in the Environmental Code should establish a dual liability principle system with fault liability as the main body and no-fault liability as the supplement.In terms of the judgment standard of fault,it should mainly be based on exceeding the noise emission standards.In the noise fields without emission standards,the“Sound Environmental Quality Standards”can be temporarily applied as a supplement.Based on the characteristics and complexity of social life noise,in the field of social life noise pollution,even if the noise does not exceed the standard,the existence of“major fault”by the infringer and the“serious consequences”caused to the victim can be used as the basis for tort liability.For noise pollution tort cases involving direct property losses,the no-fault liability principle should be applied as an exception.The liability principles for electromagnetic radiation pollution and light pollution infringement can also be constructed by referring to the liability principles for noise pollution infringement.

作者严厚福占心蕾 YAN Houfu;ZHAN Xinlei(School of Law,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区北京师范大学法学院

出处《国土资源科技管理》 2025年第5期46-54,共9页 Scientific and Technological Management of Land and Resources

基金中华环境保护基金会(20250510)。

关键词噪声污染侵权归责原则噪声排放标准声环境质量标准生态环境法典 noise pollution torts principles of attribution noise emission standards sound quality standards environmental code

分类号 D922.68 [政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]

作者简介严厚福,副教授,硕士生导师,从事环境资源法学研究。E-mail:yanhoufu@bnu.edu.cn。