摘要
全民所有自然资源资产损害赔偿是针对国家所有权权属利益的财产法保护,指向可设立使用权的经营性自然资源资产,而非对基线意义上的普惠性生态利益给予底线保护。实践中,期冀借道“行政权驱动的生态环境损害赔偿公益救济”,抑或类推“传统财产损害赔偿私益救济”,均存在自然资源资产损害救济的规范错位。此种错位根源于自然资源国家所有权的私法效力残缺,或被遮蔽于行政权的保护性管理内容,或遁入奉行意思自治原则的可处分私权进行非适应保护。国家作为所有权人索赔时的特殊性表现为,主体规则需关照“及时充分索赔”之约束目标,并依据委托代理法律关系而呈现多层主体间“分层授权”的权义复合构造;客体规则需因应自然资源资产的空间关联性和生态性使用方式,革新以有体经济物为中心的财产损害客体理论。为此,应从宪法自然资源国家所有权中析出具有财产权效力的自然资源资产国家所有权,释明“生态化财产权”的物权属性。依据公益与财产的法益区分保护论,对自然资源承载的“生态公共利益”与“生态权属利益”采取公私有别、赔付标准差异设定的二元救济模式,依托《民法典》和编纂中的《生态环境法典》之立法分工,合理界分自然资源资产损害赔偿与生态环境损害赔偿的规范性质与入法路径。
The compensation for damage to state-owned natural resource assets serves as a proprietary legal safeguard for the state's ownership interests,specifically targeting operational natural resource assets eligible for usufruct rights,rather than establishing baseline protections for ecological benefits of universal public welfare in their fundamental sense.In practice,attempts to pursue remedies through either"public interest relief for ecological damage driven by administrative authority"or analogical application of"private interest relief under traditional property damage compensation"reveal normative dislocations in redressing natural resource asset damages.Such dislocations stem from inherent deficiencies in the private law efficacy of state ownership over natural resources,which are either obscured within the protective administrative management framework or inappropriately subjected to the principle of autonomy of will under private rights regimes.The uniqueness of the state's role as an owner-claimant lies in its dual regulatory dimensions.For principal rules,the imperative to ensure"timely and adequate compensation claims"necessitates a multi-tiered authorization mechanism under principal-agent legal relationships—a composite framework integrating rights and obligations.For object rules,the spatial interdependence and ecological utilization patterns of natural resource assets demand a paradigm shift from conventional property damage theories fixated on tangible economic assets.To this end,it is imperative to delineate from the constitutional doctrine of state ownership of natural resources a distinct"state ownership of natural resource assets"endowed with proprietary legal force,thereby clarifying the real rights attributes of"ecological public property rights".Guided by the theory of differentiated protection for legal interests distinguishing public welfare from property rights,a dual-track relief model should be adopted-featuring public-private differentiation and disparate compensation criteriato address the"ecological public interests"and"ecological proprietary interests"inherent in natural resources.Relying on the legislative division of labor between the Civil Code and the Ecological and Environmental Code,the normative nature and legal entry path of natural resource asset damage compensation and ecological and environmental damage compensation should be reasonably distinguished.
出处
《法学评论》
北大核心
2025年第4期172-186,共15页
Law Review
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目“‘两权分离’视角下全民所有自然资源资产损害赔偿制度研究”(项目编号:24YJC820038)的阶段性研究成果。
关键词
自然资源资产
国家所有权
生态法益
生态环境法典
生态环境损害赔偿
Natural Resource Assets
State Ownership
Ecological Legal Interests
Ecological and Environmental Code
Ecological and Environmental Damage Compensation
作者简介
韩英夫,辽宁大学法学院副教授。
