摘要
《最高人民法院关于审理行政协议案件若干问题的规定》中的显失公平规则直接参考了民法中民事法律行为的可撤销事由,在原理上同样体现了契约正义对契约自由的介入。典型案例中,最高人民法院对行政协议中显失公平的认定,提出了行政法与民法并行适用的双层判断框架,包括民法维度下对合意内容的判断与行政法维度下对缔约行为的审查。民法维度下,对于显失公平的构成要件,应采取主客观结合的双重要件进行判断,主观要件的评判可为撤销行政协议的正当性提供第二层保障。行政法维度下,行政机关的缔约行为不仅受到一般性条款而且还受到行政法基本原则的约束;但对缔约行为的合法性审查,仍应回归对行政协议的效力评价。其中,禁止不当联结作为一项合法性审查标准,通过检视双方给付义务之间以及给付义务与协议目的之间是否具有实质关联性,发挥限制行政机关恣意的作用。
Article 14 of the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Administrative Agreement Cases introduces directly from the civil law the rule of unconscionability as one of the revocable grounds of administrative agreements.In the case of Kazhumi Company v.the People's Government of Licheng District,the Supreme People's Court proposed a dual-layered framework of judgment for applying the rule of unconscionability in cases of administrative agreements.Specifically speaking,the framework contains two parts,the judgment of the unanimous consent of the two parties under civil law and the review of the contractual behaviors of administrative agencies under administrative law.The rule of unconscionability in administrative agreements,like the similar rule in civil law,reflects the correction of contractual freedom by contractual justice through the evaluation of the effectiveness of administrative agreements,which is based on the concept of substantive fairness.The principle of contractual freedom in administrative agreements should be respected by the legislative and judiciary authorities.Otherwise,the significance of administrative agreements will be fundamentally weakened.When it comes to the judgment of unanimous consent of two parties under civil law,courts should not copy the relevant theories in civil law without any modification,but reconstruct the connotation of unconscionability in administrative agreements according to the institutional functions and characters of administrative agreements.Therefore,the theory of dual elements should also be adopted in the determination of unconscionability in administrative agreements.Compared to the theory of one single objective element,the theory of dual elements is stricter,enabling courts to take a more cautious attitude towards the determination of whether to revoke an administrative agreement or not.This could increase the possibility of achieving the public goals of administrative agreements while,at the same time,does not mean that the legitimate rights of private parties could not be fully protected.When it comes to the review of the contractual behaviors of administrative agencies under administrative law,such behaviors are constrained not only by general and special provisions,but also by the basic principles of administrative law.However,the legality review of contractual behaviors should be contained in the evaluation of the effectiveness of administrative agreements.The prohibition of improper connections,as a criterion for legality review,plays an important role in limiting arbitrary behaviors of administrative agencies by examining whether substantive relationships exist between the obligations of both parties as well as between the obligations and the purpose of an administrative agreement.
出处
《环球法律评论》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第1期109-123,共15页
Global Law Review
基金
2022年度上海社会科学规划一般课题“保障性租赁住房供给的法律机制研究”(2022BFX005)的研究成果。
作者简介
颜冬铌,同济大学法学院助理教授。
