摘要
本文以1979—2017年中央发布的438份政策文本为研究对象,运用内容分析法,梳理了改革开放后我国食品安全监管方式的使用概况与演变历程。从方式类型上看,我国综合运用了强制型监管、激励型监管、能力建设型监管与象征劝诱型监管方式,但存在结构性失衡:强制型监管供给过溢,激励型监管、能力建设型监管供给不足。从演变历程上看,遵循从对抗型监管走向合作型监管的发展逻辑——强制性、对抗性元素渐次收缩,柔性、协同性元素稳步扩张。其中,象征劝诱型监管日益获得重视,社会共治成为着力构建的新模式。上述变化源于监管环境带来的契机以及监管过程转变的需要。
The objective of this paper is to illustrate and examine the general situation and the evolution of the style of China’s food-safety regulation since the reform and opening-up.This article uses content analysis based on official documents on food-safety regulation issued by central government departments/bureaus from 1979 to 2017.The analysis reveals that(1)China has comprehensively used mandatory regulatory tools,incentive regulatory tools,capacity-building regulatory tools,and symbolic and hortatory regulatory tools,but there have been structural imbalances:overuse of mandatory regulations and insufficient use of incentive regulations and capacity-building regulations;(2)China generally follows the logic of development from confrontational regulation to collaborative regulation.Mandatory and confrontational elements gradually decline,whereas flexible and collaborative elements steadily expand.Among the latter,symbolic and hortatory regulatory tools are attracting more attention,and social co-governance has become a new mode of food-safety regulation.The reason for such a change in the regulatory approach is the opportunity brought about by the transformation of the mode of governance and the urgent need for transformation of the regulatory process.This has important implications for future food-safety regulations.We must deal with the problem of the structural imbalance in the regulatory approach and promote a mix of appropriate regulatory tools based on knowledge about the ability of different types of regulatory tools to influence policy outputs or outcomes and the resources required for the regulatory tools to operate as expected.The accumulation of such knowledge is contingent on the contextual experience.On the one hand,we should consciously enrich the varieties of incentive and capacity-building regulatory tools.For example,administrative contracts can be introduced to encourage self-discipline.On the other hand,we should stimulate supportive public and political discourses.Incentive regulatory tools,especially financial support,can lead to a regulatory reluctance or even opposition to the use of such tools because of the associated economic costs.A supportive discourse,especially a supportive political discourse,helps to enhance the legitimacy or recognition of the regulatory approach and to reduce possible resistance.The key limitation of this study is that it focuses on the evolution of the style of foodsafety regulation based on the content of the policy texts,but there is still a gap between the policy texts and implementation,so the conclusions in this study may fail to accurately reflect the reality.Another difficulty arises from the selected samples,i.e.,official documents by the central leadership.Since central policy must consider the overall situation,transformation of its regulatory style is relatively stable.In contrast,local governments,based on the premise of following the general policy direction of the central government,can formulate policies according to local conditions and with greater autonomy,thus accelerating the pace of regulatory transformation.Therefore,these research conclusions may deviate from local regulatory practices.
作者
霍龙霞
徐国冲
HUO Longxia;XU Guochong(School of Public Affairs,Xiamen University)
出处
《公共管理评论》
2020年第1期68-91,共24页
China Public Administration Review
基金
厦门大学繁荣哲学社会科学项目“国家治理现代化理论与实践”(项目批准号:0220-Y07200)
教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“基本公共服务均等化实施效度和实现程度研究”(项目批准号:18JZD047)资助
关键词
食品安全监管
监管方式
合作监管
food-safety regulation
mode of regulation
collaborative regulation
作者简介
霍龙霞,厦门大学公共事务学院博士研究生;通讯作者:徐国冲,厦门大学公共事务学院副教授,xuguochong1983@163.com。
