摘要
知情同意是个人信息保护的重要规范,甚至被视为一项基本原则。然而,从规则与原则在体系定位、法律适用及逻辑结构的差别可知,知情同意不是原则而是规则。规则具有“一般—例外”的结构,尽管知情同意存在例外,但无法否认其作为一般规则的功能定位。因此,研究工作应聚焦在事实和规范维度,厘清知情同意的边界。法律事实层面,同意行为是侵权免责事由、个人信息处理合法依据和准法律行为;其表示方式应以明示为原则、默示为例外,且不允许拟制。在法律规范视角下,问题在于如何权衡多元利益来确定知情同意的适用范围。由于现有研究大多采用“价值—规则”的双层理论结构,各种学说因价值基点的分歧而始终莫衷一是。有鉴于此,可使用正当必要、公开透明、信息自主、公域保留以及效率等原则作为重叠共识,形成价值与规则间的中层结构以推动法律议论,并借由原则碰撞来确定知情同意的限定条件和例外情况。
Informed consent is an important norm for personal information protection,and is even regarded as a basic legal principle.However,considering the differences between rules and principles in terms of role and function in the legal system,how to apply,and logical structure,informed consent should be deemed to be a rule,instead of a principle.Rules have a generalexception structure,therefore,though there are exceptions for informed consent,the reasonableness of informed consent being a general rule cannot be refuted.Thus,research should focus on delineating the boundaries of informed consent from the perspectives of legal fact and legal norm.As a legal fact,informed consent’s legal nature has multiple facets,including excuse to exempt from tort liability,legal basis for processing personal information,and quasi-legal act;besides,explicit consent should be the general approach,implied consent should be limited to exception cases,and that legal fiction should not be allowed.From the perspective of legal norm,the challenge is about how to weigh and balance diverse interests in order to determine the scope of informed consent.Since existing studies adopt a value-rule theoretical structure,they tend to disagree with one another due to their differences on value theories.To facilitate legal argumentation,several mid-level principles(legitimacy and necessity,openness and transparency,information autonomy,non-removal from the public domain,and efficiency)may serve as the overlapping consensus to bridge the gap between values and rules to advance legal argumentation,and the qualifications and exceptions for informed consent are determined by collision of principles.
出处
《东方法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期55-71,共17页
Oriental Law
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“数据中国背景下公共数据技术标准的法治体系研究”(项目批准号:21&ZD200)
上海市浦江人才计划(项目批准号:20PJ1416300)的阶段性研究成果
关键词
个人信息保护
知情同意
规则
原则
重叠共识
法律议论
personal information protection
informed consent
rules
principles
overlapping consensus
legal argumentation
作者简介
衣俊霖,上海交通大学凯原法学院博士研究生。
