摘要
权利行使不能违背权利的本来目的,且不得超出权利的必要边界。《民法典》中的禁止权利滥用条款容易被滥用,故需被具体化。在规范性质上,禁止权利滥用在我国并不属于民法的基本原则和普通法律规则。权利滥用的构成应以故意或通过合比例性分析得出的过错推定为主观要件,以造成损害为客观要件。虽无主观过错但仍造成损害的权利行使行为,可能不构成权利滥用,而属于超出权利边界的行为。为了最大程度地预防权利滥用并减少权利冲突,需要尽可能明确地划定权利边界。无论是公权力机关识别权利滥用,划定权利边界,还是私主体行使法定权利,比例原则都可以提供有效的方法论指引与行为准则。作为公法"帝王原则"的比例原则,在私法中也有广阔的适用空间,但切忌无限扩大化适用,避免损害平等主体间真实的意思自治与实质的契约自由。
The exercise of rights cannot violate the original purpose of the rights and must not exceed the necessary boundaries of the rights.The prohibition of abuse of rights in the Civil Code has a dilemma of application,and it is easy to be abused and needs to be embodied.In the normative nature,the prohibition of abuse of rights does not belong to the basic principles of civil law and general legal rules in China.The constitution of the abuse of rights should be based on the presumption of fault which is obtained by intention or proportionality analysis as the subjective element,and damage as the objective element.The exercise of rights without subjective faults,but still causing damage,may not constitute abuse of rights.It is only beyond the boundaries of rights.In order to prevent abuse of rights to the greatest extent and reduce conflicts of rights,the boundaries of rights need to be delineated as clearly as possible.Whether the public authority identifies the abuse of rights,delimits the boundaries of rights,or the private subject exercises legal rights,proportionality principle can provide effective methodological guidance and codes of conduct.As the"imperial principle"in public law,the proportionality principle also has a broad scope for application in private law,but it must not be expanded indefinitely to damage the true autonomy of will and substantial freedom of contract between equal subjects.
出处
《法制与社会发展》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第3期39-54,共16页
Law and Social Development
基金
国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“比例原则的精确化及其限度:正当理由、商谈与正义”(19FFXB049)的阶段性成果
关键词
权利滥用
权利冲突
权利边界
比例原则
Abuse of Rights
Conflict of Rights
Boundaries of Rights
Proportionality
作者简介
刘权,中央财经大学法学院副教授。
