摘要
无人驾驶不等于无人负责,侵权法上现有的机动车三元责任体系即"机动车一方责任""交往安全义务责任""产品责任"已足以覆盖自动驾驶机动车。但自动驾驶技术使得上述责任体系中产品责任的重要性不断凸显。自动驾驶机动车作为产品是软硬件的复合体。责任主体不限于立法规定的直接责任主体即生产者和销售者,还包括司法认可的主体即准生产者和进口商。生产者既指整车(成品)生产者,也指零部件生产者,后者尤其包括自动驾驶软件系统的提供者。产品缺陷的三大类型——"制造缺陷""设计缺陷""警示说明缺陷"需要被细化和扩展,以回应自动驾驶机动车的特殊性。出于测试目的上道行驶的机动车已满足"投入流通"的要求,足以引发产品责任。
Driverless does not mean no one is responsible,the three-core liability system for motor vehicles have already covered autonomous vehicles.But the technology of autopilot makes the issue of product liability more and more important.An autonomous vehicle as a product is a complex of hardware and software,the software in the cloud is also part of the vehicle.The subject of liability is not limited to the producer and the seller,the quasi-producers and importers are also included.Producer is not only the producer of the end product,but can encompass producers of components,the latter including,in particular,providers of autonomous software systems.In response to the particularity of autonomous vehicles the three types of product defect(“manufacturing defect”,“design defect”,“warning defect”)need to be refined and expanded.Autonomous vehicles on the road for test purposes have met the requirements of“put into circulation”and is sufficient to trigger product liability.
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“信息法基础”(项目编号:16ZDA075)的阶段性研究成果
关键词
自动驾驶
人工智能
产品责任
产品缺陷
交通事故
Autonomous drive
Artificial mtelligence
Product liability
Product defect
Traffic accident
作者简介
王琦:北京航空航天大学法学院助理教授,德国柏林自由大学法学博士
