摘要
刑法的明确性是罪刑法定原则的基本要求,也是宪法上法律保留原则的子系统,包含着“明确优于不明确”公式。这一公式揭示了法条竞合中特殊的刑法适用规制,可以有效破解口袋罪之扩大适用的难题。基于构成要件明确性原则,当口袋罪与具体个罪均涵摄某种行为时,应优先适用明确的具体罪名,以防口袋罪发展成为“万能罪名”。运用“明确优于不明确”公式,可以化解罪数理论所不能解决的口袋罪与具体个罪之间的法条竞合难题,使法条竞合规则创新发展成为“特别法优于一般法”“重法优于轻法”“明确法优于不明确法”的三元格局。基于口袋罪适用中的常态扩张难题,刑法教义学需要确立“明确法优于不明确法”的适用规则,以使口袋罪的适用形成一种“倒金字塔结构”,并根据口袋罪之保护法益的分级,正确确定“明确优于不明确”公式适用的例外情况,严格限制口袋罪的适用范围。
The definiteness of criminal law is the basic requirement of the principle of legality,and it is also a subsystem of the principle of legal reservation in the constitution,which contains the formula of"definiteness prevailing over indefiniteness".This formula reveals the special regulation of the application of criminal law in the overlapping of legal provisions and can effectively solve the problem of the expanded application of pocket crimes.Based on the principle of definiteness of constituent elements,when both a pocket crime and another specific crime cover a certain act,the latter should prevail,so as to prevent such pocket crime from developing into a"universal crime".The formula of"definiteness prevailing over indefiniteness"can solve the problem of overlapping of legal provisions on pocket crimes and another specific crimes that cannot be solved by the theory of number of crimes,thus innovatively developing the rules on overlapping of legal provisions as a ternary pattern that"the special law prevails over general law","the law with more severe punishment prevails over the one with more light punishment"and"the definite law prevails over the indefinite law".Based on the difficult problem of normal expansion in the application of pocket crimes,in the dogmatics of criminal law,it is necessary to establish the application regulation of"definiteness prevailing over indefiniteness",thus making the application of pocket crimes form an"inverted pyramid structure",and according to the grading of legal interests protected by criminalizing pocket offenses,to correctly determine the exceptions to the application of the formula of"definiteness prevailing over indefiniteness",and strictly limit the scope of application of pocket crimes.
出处
《政治与法律》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第4期113-129,共17页
Political Science and Law
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“数字经济的刑事安全风险防范体系建构研究”(项目编号:21&ZD209)的阶段性成果
关键词
口袋罪
保护法益
刑法明确性
“明确优于不明确”公式
罪刑法定原则
Pocket Crime
Protection of Legal Interests
Definiteness of Criminal Law
the Formula of"Definiteness Prevailing over Indefiniteness"
The Principle of Legality
作者简介
姜涛,华东政法大学刑事法学院教授、南京师范大学中国法治现代化研究院特邀研究员。
