摘要
行使债权可以否定非法占有目的的非法性。非法占有目的的非法性,是财产犯罪的构成要件要素,而非一般违法性的提示要素,其评价的是财产犯罪行为所引起的财产转移、变动过程。只有当行为人对被害人拥有合法债权时,以非法手段引起的财产转移过程才被认为合乎民事实体财产秩序,进而否定非法性。实践中认为行使虚假债权、非法债权的行为也能否定非法占有目的,该观点将导致刑法财产犯罪体系内部的价值判断矛盾,进而产生处罚漏洞,应当予以纠偏。在《刑法》新增第293条之一催收非法债务罪的背景下,应将催收非法债务罪理解为财产犯罪的减轻构成。在此基础上,区分虚假债权与非法债权的意义在于,催收前者仍应以抢劫、敲诈勒索罪等重罪进行处罚,只有催收后者才能成立催收非法债务罪。催收非法债务所获得的收益来自于被害人合法财产所遭受的损失,根据《刑法》第64条的规定应当优先返还给被害人。
The illegality of purpose of illegal possession could be denied when the perpetrator has a legitimate claim against the victim.The illegality of purpose of illegal possession is a requisite element of crimes against property rather than a hint of general illegality of the crime.It is an evaluation of the transfer of property.When and only when the perpetrator has a legitimate claim against the victim,the transfer of property should be considered legal and a crime against property should be excluded.The practitioner's view that the illegal and fraudulent claims may also exclude the illegality of purpose of illegal possession might cause the contradictory of value judgement inside the criminal law system and criminal liability gap.This view needs to be corrected.The new crime of demanding the repayment of illegal debt according to Article 293A of the PRC Criminal Law should be considered as a crime against property,which faces a milder penalty.Under this premise,the distinction of illegal claims and fraudulent claims is significant.This is because demanding illegal claims establishes the crime of demanding repayment of illegal debt according to Article 293A of the PRC Criminal Law,while demanding fraudulent claims fulfills the robbery and blackmail.The illegal benefits are derived from the legal property of the victim and it should be returned to the victim according to Article 64 of the PRC Criminal Law.
出处
《中外法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第3期707-724,共18页
Peking University Law Journal
关键词
占有目的的非法性
虚假债权
非法债权
催收非法债务罪
Illegality of Purpose of Illegal Possession
Fraudulent Claim
Illegal Claim
Crime of Demanding the Repayment of Illegal Debt
作者简介
徐凌波,南京大学法学院副教授
