摘要
利益动态衡量融合利益衡量和动态系统论两种方法,包括利益发现和利益证成两个阶段:该方法将价值判断考量因素揭示出来,动态权衡其论证力强弱大小,以形成论证的合力。违约金酌减的构成要件无法具体化,更宜将相关考量因素动态系统化。通过对违约金酌减案件的社会实证分析,将违约金酌减考量因素揭示出来,减少法院在个案中不理性的感觉判断,避免"一刀切"式的机械司法。对过高违约金进行酌减时,应当结合案件的具体情形,根据公平原则和诚实信用原则对多种考量因素进行利益动态衡量,做"或多或少"式而非"全有全无"式的个案分析。对违约金是否过高的要件事实也不宜采取"全有全无"式的举证责任分配,而应该采取"违约方初步举证——举证责任转移至守约方"的方式,这也从实质上降低了违约方本证的证明标准,负有举证责任的合同当事人未尽到自己的举证责任时,法院不宜简单直接进行败诉判决。
The dynamic balancing of interest combines balancing of interest and dynamic system theory,which also includes two stages of interest discovery and interest argumentation.The specific considerations of value judgment are revealed and the strength of their argumentation is dynamically weighed to form the resultant force of argumentation.The constitutive elements of discretionary reduction of liquidated damages cannot be concretized;it is better to systematize specific considerations dynamically.By social empirical analysis of case study on discretionary reduction of liquidated damages,we can reveal specific considerations in order to reduce the court's irrational judgment and avoid“one size fits all”type of mechanical justice.In cases of discretionary reduction of liquidated damages,we should dynamically balance specific considerations in accordance with the principles of fairness and good faith,and make“more or less”rather than“all or nothing”type of case analysis with the concrete circumstances of the cases.We should not adopt“all or nothing”type of burden of proof to the essential fact whether liquidated damages is too high.Instead,we should adopt the breaching party burdens preliminary proof then the burden of proof shifts to the other party,which substantially reduces the certificate of proof standard of breaching party.Those who bear but fail to achieve the burden of proof cannot be simply and directly sentenced to lose the lawsuit by the court.
出处
《暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2018年第11期47-56,共10页
Jinan Journal(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
基金
中国政法大学青年教师学术创新团队项目(批准号:18CXTD08)
"中国政法大学优秀中青年教师培养支持计划资助项目"(批准号:DSJCXZ180404)
关键词
违约金酌减
具体考量因素
举证责任
利益动态衡量
Discretionary reduction of liquidated damages
Specific considerations
Burden of proof
Dynamic balancing of interest
作者简介
王雷,中国政法大学民商经济法学院副教授,博士生导师,法学博士。
