摘要
在社会结构转型的中国,政府与社会组织的关系不是一成不变,也不是直线发展的。对于这一关系的产生与变迁起决定作用的无疑是政府与社会组织之间的互动。本研究以S市JD区残联向社会组织购买助残服务为例,采用中观组织研究和微观行动分析相结合的方法,提出了"制度逻辑——行动策略"的分析框架,着重在中观层次和微观层次上揭示政府与社会组织微妙的互动关系及其复杂的因果关系,即从政府与社会组织互动的角度去微观动态地分析两者之间关系的形成过程,并从政府与社会组织各自的制度逻辑的角度中观地分析两者之间关系的形成原因,以此来展示国家与社会相互型构、相互创造的过程,以便揭示更微观的真实动态过程,对以往的宏观的关系研究进行补充,在中国社会发生转型之际,为政府与社会组织关系研究提供新的思考工具。
During the social transformation in China,the relationship between government and social organizations is versatile,in which the interaction between the government and social organizations is the determining factor.This research investigated the construction process of the relationship,taking the purchase of disabled service in JD district,S City as of Shanghai as a case,and also explained the reason of construction both from meso and micro levels.And an "institution logic-action strategy" analysis framework was developed basing on the combination of Meso-organization and microaction analysis methods.It was found that the government and social organizations were generated and structured mutually.Such real dynamic process of the micro research,is a supplement to the study on the relationship between the previous macro.It offers a new thinking for research on relationship between government and social organizations in China’s social transition.Since the beginning of the twenty-first century,the Chinese reform has transferred the emphasis from the economic sphere to the political and social sphere.On the one hand,the government puts forward a slogan that its functions should be transformed and a new social management system should be innovated;on the other hand,a large number of social organizations appear and provide various public services in all kinds of fields.In the context of reality,some local governments began to explore the public service reform,and purchase services became one of the most important type of this explore.As a new concept,mechanism and method,theoretical research force is desired.What the relationship between the government and the social organizations is,how it becomes and what infection will take place,all of these have became the topics of this research.This paper analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the three main theories in the field of the relationship research between government and social organizations,including macro-structure,meso-organization and microaction research.And an "institution logic-action strategy" analysis framework was developed basing on the combination of Meso-organization and micro-action analysis methods.It investigated the construction process of the relationship,taking the purchase of disabled service in JD district of Shanghai as a case,and also explained the reason of construction both from meso and micro levels.In the innovative exploration in recent years,JD District Disabled Personnel has continuously updated its service concept,changed the traditional model of top-down government funding,and effectively integrated administrative resources and social resources by purchasing services from social organizations.It solved the problem of less staffing,insufficient manpower,lack of professional talents and insufficient service facilities,and improved the efficiency of fund use.At the same time,it also constantly updates the concept of disability,transforms the individual model based on rehabilitation into a social model based on social integration,and develops diversified and multi-level service projects to meet the diversified needs of disabled groups.Since 2010,the District Disabled Persons’ Federation has adopted the method of bidding and purchasing services to step out of the important step of exploring the socialization of disability work,and to integrate all kinds of disability social organizations into the market to compete.In 2011,the venture capital model was established on the basis of bidding,and the purchase was increased.In the past two years of practice,on the basis of reforming the way of socialized services,the District Disabled Persons’ Federation has initially established a set of processes and mechanisms related to the purchase of services,including project establishment,evaluation,contracting,supervision and evaluation,and institutionalized guarantees.Efficient operation of the public service purchase model.In the past two years,the District Disabled Persons’ Federation has continuously increased its support and created favorable conditions.Through the cultivation,transformation and introduction of various methods,the professional service team has been strengthened,and on the basis of purchasing services,training has been intensified and multi-period assistance has been launched.Training courses for social workers,do a good job in nurturing and supporting social organizations for the disabled,and further enhance the professional capabilities of disabled services.At present,there are38 social organizations for disability in the whole district.In 2011,a total of42 social organizations participated in bidding,and initially formed a certain size of the main body of disability services.The JD District Disabled Persons’ Federation has been rated as "National Advanced Area for the Disabled Work "," National Community Disabled Persons Work Demonstration Zone "," National Disabled Community Rehabilitation Demonstration Zone "," National Cataract Barrier Free Zone "," Second National Advanced Area for Sample Survey of Disabled Persons "," National Disabled Work Demonstration City Compliance Area "," National Special Olympics Work Advanced Area","National Advanced Work Group for Disabled Sports Work",Excellent League Award of the Disabled Persons’ Federation in the Eleventh Five-Year Specialized Association.The study regards both the government and social organizations as rational legal actors.From the perspective of the principal and the agent,they will form their own public interests and their own interests.Due to the existence of public interests and multiple self-interests,the dual institutional logic of public service and self-development has been formed.It is precisely because of the multiple institutional logic that the government has the choice of action strategies such as selective support and implicit control.Social organizations will also deduct reliance and compliance in practice and expand their subsequent action strategies.At the same time,we find that not only the institutional logic and action strategies within the actors are mutually generated and mutually structured,but also between actors.In addition,the pursuit of their own power and ability is also an important factor in the formation of their institutional logic and action strategy.Furthermore,it is analyzed from the basis and characteristics of the relationship between government and social organization that the relationship between the two parties is a strategic construction rather than an institutionalized construction,and thus it is relatively fragile and easy to change.At the same time,it is pointed out that the government purchase service does not form an equal partnership at this stage,but rather an asymmetric dependency.The government transfers only the functions of public services,not power,and may even increase the further penetration of power.What social organizations improve is only the ability of public services,and power is still weak.From the changes in social structure,we can see that reform is a total change led by the government,so the government’s own reform is especially important for the deepening of reform.The driving force of government reform comes from both internal demand and source and external pressure.With the continuous deepening of reforms in the economic field,various stakeholders and needs begin to emerge.The unified government-run society model can no longer meet the diverse needs of these stakeholders.Building a service-oriented government has become an important factor in adapting to the needs of a mature market economy.Direction,macro management of the market and society has become the main task of the government.Under such internal demand and external pressure,institutional reform and functional transfer are the most necessary reform methods.The great achievements brought about by the reform have also brought about quite a lot of social problems;laid-off and unemployment,the gap between the rich and the poor,moral decay,protection of vulnerable groups,and so on.In the face of these problems,the corresponding institutions and mechanisms are urgently needed to solve them.At this time,the government cannot meet the needs of solving various social problems in a timely and sufficient manner.Under the premise of a huge "gap" between demand and supply,a new type of non-profit and non-government social organization can be produced on the condition that market reform releases certain freeflowing resources and free-flowing space.Make up for the lack of government and market supply of public goods and the resolution of social needs.Not only are they increasing in number,but they are also playing a bigger role in society.The choice of public service to purchase this government innovation model as a platform for research issues.In this model,the government,as a purchaser,transfers the supply of services to social organizations;as a service provider,social organizations play an increasingly important role in the field of public services.The purchase of public services as a transfer of government functions,the joint organization of social organizations to undertake services is a good link between social structure,government,social organizations and other research elements,and is used by more and more local governments in practice.As rational corporate actors,government and social organizations with their own principals and agents would form their public interest and selfinterest respectively.Then,their public interest and self-interest would produce multiple institutional logics including public services and their own developments.With their multiple institutional logics,the government would take the action strategies of selective support and stealth control,and the social organizations would behave such action strategies,where dependence and complying with the government at the first and expanding themselves at the last.It was found that the institution structure and action strategies were generated and structured mutually not only inside the actor,but also between the actors,and the pursuing of their power and capabilities was also the important factor.Furthermore,this paper analyzed the construction process of the relationship between government and social organizations from its base and characters and got the conclusion that the relationship was not an institutional construction but a strategic choice which was relatively flimsy and variable.It also pointed out that the relationship between government and social organizations in present purchase was not the equal cooperation relation,but unsymmetrical dependence relation.The purchase had transferred not the power of the government,but its capabilities of the public service,in which the power penetration of government could even be enhanced.At the same time,social organizations had only raised their capabilities of public service,their power was still weak.
出处
《政治人类学评论》
2019年第2期1-56,282-288,338,共64页
Political Anthropology Review
关键词
公共服务购买
社会组织
残联
制度逻辑
行动策略
Public Services Purchase
Social Organizations
Disabled Persons’ Federation
Institution Logic
Action Strategy
作者简介
吕纳,女,1979-,浙江省金华市人,上海大学社会学专业博士,上海城建职业学院公共管理与服务学院社会工作专业副教授。电子邮箱:lvna@succ.edu.cn。
