汉代西域都护设置的时间及其职责相关问题考辨被引量：7

On Founding Time of Protectorate of the Western Regions in Han Dynasty and Issues Concerning Its Duty

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摘要西域都护是汉王朝为保持干预西域事务的强大影响力、保障丝绸之路畅通而设立的管理西域少数民族事务的机构。河西汉简和传世文献中元康年间的"都护"都是当时完整意义上的"西域都护"。神爵二年之前,西域属于汉匈争夺地区。神爵二年,随着匈奴日逐王降汉、车师彻底被汉王朝占领,匈奴在西域的主体势力基本瓦解。西域都护军政职能的强化,不仅对西域南北道诸国进行领护监管,还统一管辖了包括屯田机构在内的汉王朝在西域的其他机构,因此,传世文献称西域都护建立于神爵二年有其合理性。西域都护具有使者、"加官"性质,是汉代领护边疆少数民族的使职;西域都护通过"护道"实现"护国",通过"护国"最终实现汉王朝打击、孤立进而迫使匈奴臣服的战略目标。 The protectorate of the western regions is an administrative organization of ethnic affairs in western regions established by Han Dynasty so as to maintain the capacity of imposing great impact on affairs in this area and guarantee the smooth running of the Silk Road.In bamboo slips unearthed in Hexi and handed-down documents,'Duhu'during Yuankang time is the protectorate of the western regions in its full sense.Before the second year of Shenjue time,this very area is the battling field between Han Dynasty and Xiongnu.In the second year of Shenjue,with the surrender of Xiongnu Rizhu Khan to Han Dynasty,the complete occupation of Jushi by Han Dynasty and the collapse of main power of Xiongnu in this area,the protectorate of the western regions has strengthened its military and administrative functions,supervising all the kingdoms in this area and governing all other organizations of Han Dynasty in this area,including militarized farming organs.Therefore,it is a reasonable claim that the protectorate of the western regions has been established in the second year of Shenjue time.It has the features of'envoy'and'superior officials',is an organization of governing and protecting ethnic people in border area.It realizes the protection of the state through the protection of the Road,and helps Han Dynasty realize its ultimate strategic goal of fighting,isolating and making Xiongnu submit to the rule of Han Dynasty.

作者张瑛 Zhang Ying(Institute of the Silk Road,Gansu Academy of Social Sciences,Lanzhou,Gansu,730070)

机构地区甘肃省社会科学院丝绸之路研究所

出处《西北民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》 CSSCI 2019年第3期120-128,共9页 Journal of Northwest Minzu University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基金国家社会科学基金后期资助项目"河西汉简所见西北民族关系研究"(项目编号:17FZS021)

关键词汉代西域都护河西汉简居延汉简悬泉汉简神爵军事管辖领护管理 the protectorate of the western regions in Han Dynasty bamboo slips unearthed in Hexi Juyan bamboo slips Xuanquan bamboo slips Shenjue military administration governing and protecting