摘要
宅基地资格权是新一轮宅基地“三权分置”改革的重点和难点,系统梳理宅基地资格权相关研究成果,厘清研究进展及前沿热点,为宅基地“三权分置”改革理论与实践提供参考。研究结果如下:(1)宅基地资格权在“三权分置”结构中的法律定位包括所有权派生说和使用权派生说。不同的权利来源造成了所有权、资格权、使用权之间不同的权利结构。(2)资格权内涵形成了成员权说、剩余权说等观点,目前学者多数认同成员权说,但在是否允许交易方面仍存在争议。(3)资格权以户认定、以人认定两种方式在理论上都存在一定的合理性,但是在实践操作过程中标准不一,容易引发不公平、不合理问题。(4)宅基地暂时退出的农户,允许其保留资格权,而永久性退出则是宅基地资格权和使用权同步丧失,但可以设置反悔期限,以保留进城农民退路。(5)资格权实现形式包括个人自建房、集中居住、异地实现、有偿调剂、城镇保障房五种类型,应当因地制宜选择不同方式进行探索。基于上述分析得到以下启示:适时将宅基地资格权上升为正式的法律表达;建立“以人认定资格、以户实现权益”的宅基地主体认定标准;探索差异化资格权退出保留及重获模式;探索面向村庄与农户异质性需求的资格权实现形式。
The qualification right of homestead is the key and difficulty of the new round of the reform of“separation of three rights”of homestead.The paper aims to systematically review the relevant research literature on the homestead qualification right,grasp the research context and frontier hot spots,and provide reference for the reform of the three rights separation of homestead.The research results are as follows:(1)The legal position of the qualification right of homestead in the structure of“separation of three rights”includes the derivative theory of ownership and the derivative theory of right of use.Different sources of rights result in different rights structures among ownership,qualification rights,and rights of use.(2)The connotation of qualification right has formed the opinions of membership right,residual right,homestead use right,class ownership,and usufructuary right.At present,most scholars agree with member rights theory,but there are still disputes on whether to allow transactions.(3)There are differences in theory and practice between households and people in determining qualification rights.(4)The farmers who temporarily withdraw their homestead are allowed to retain their qualification rights,while the permanent withdrawal is the simultaneous loss of the homestead qualification rights and the right to use them,but the repentance period can be set to preserve the retreat of farmers in the city.(5)The realization of the qualification right includes five types:individual self-construction,centralized residence,remote realization,bidding transactions and urban security housing.Different regions choose different ways to explore according to local conditions.Based on the above analysis,future research should focus on the protection of farmers rights and interests and the strategy of rural revitalization and use a dynamic and flexible perspective to examine theoretical research and solve practical problems.This paper proposes that the homestead qualification right will be formally expressed in law,establish a homestead subject identification standard of“qualification by person and realization of rights by household”,and explore the withdrawal retention and recovery modes of qualification rights.The realization form of qualification right is oriented to the heterogeneous needs of villages and farmers,and it is explored.
作者
林超
尚怡君
LIN Chao;SHANG Yijun(School of Public Administration,Shanxi University of Finance and Economics,Taiyuan 030006,China;Research Center for Rural Revitalization and Land Development,Shanxi University of Finance and Economics,Taiyuan 030006,China;College of Public Administration,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China)
出处
《土地经济研究》
2023年第2期172-190,共19页
Journal of Land Economics
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目“共同富裕背景下宅基地资格权对异质性农户福利影响研究”(22BGL163)。
关键词
宅基地资格权
农村宅基地
研究综述
研究进展
homestead qualification right
rural homestead
research review
research progress
作者简介
林超(1987-),男,陕西宝鸡人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师。主要研究方向为土地制度与经济。E-mail:andrewlc@sina.cn。;尚怡君(2001-),女,山东日照人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为土地经济与政策。
