摘要
辞赋名物注疏总是无可避免地取用经学的训释。牛供祭祀、运输和农耕,它在中国文化的认知,起于祭祀牺牲之用,成为尊物。《说文》释“牲”为“牛完全”,又有“牷”字以专此义,或指许慎移“犧”释“牲”,其实“犧”“牷”属“牲”,“牲”以大类统摄二义。汉以降牛主农耕,与土相关。牛与土的联系被引申为《易传》的思理。牛以系时属“丑”,“牛”“纽”“丑”可通转,则“牛”以“纽”“丑”音近称名。牛“能”任重“耐”劳,其生为“难”,于人为“奴”,诸字声纽亦通。牛的种类见于汉字所指,别其颜色、老幼、雄雌及其所用场合、功用,一字一物,反映汉字指物摹状的精致丰富,亦见古人博物,于牛为赡。汉大赋多见牛类名物,不是祭祀的牺牲,而是因其勇猛野性或罕见珍奇而充当铺陈的功能,显见“辞章”与祭祀语境之异。而“物”以牛属成为万类总名,“特”则引申为独一和俊杰之义,具有拟人化的普遍引申。自古迄今“牛”字组词甚多,都从牛的至尊物性以及牛与人的生活关系引申而来。
The exegesis of the objects in Cifu was inevitable to quote from elucidating of classics.Being used as sacrifice,transportation and farming,the cattle was venerated in Chinese culture for its function of sacrifice.In Shuo Wen Jie Zi,“Sheng”(“牲”)was interpreted as an integrated cattle which could also be designated by“Quan”(“牷”).Some claimed that Xu Shen annotated“Sheng”(“牲”)by“Xi”(“犧”).Literally,“Xi”(“犧”)and“Quan”(“牷”)belonged to“Sheng”(“牲”)with the same meaning.Mainly for farming,the cattle had been related with earth since Han Dynasty.The connection between cattle and earth was expounded as the principles of Yi Zhuan.Cattle belonged to“Chou”(“丑”)period in Chinese traditional timing.“Cattle”(“牛”),“Niu”(“纽”)and“Chou”(“丑”)were interconvertible,therefore“Cattle”(“牛”)was named after“Niu”(“纽”)and“Chou”(“丑”)for the similar sound.Cattle was capable(“能”)of enduring(“耐”)hard-working,being born with difficulty(“难”),being the slave(“奴”)of humans and those characters were all interchangeable.The cattle were different from its colors,ages,genders and functions which represented not only the refinement and abundant expressions of Chinese characters but also erudition of ancient intellectual and esteem for the cattle.Fu in Han Dynasty was abundant in cattle,not for sacrifice but as function of extravagance for its savagery and rarity,which manifested the distinction between literary pieces and sacrifice context.Nevertheless,objects(“物”)became genetic terms of the cattle while speciality(“特”)was extended to unique and outstanding which contained generalization of personification.There were plenty of words combining with the cattle which extended from its characteristic of being idolized and relationship with humankind.
作者
易闻晓
YI Wen-xiao(Institute of Chinese Poetry and Fu,Guizhou Normal University,Guiyang 550001,China)
出处
《齐鲁学刊》
CSSCI
2021年第5期128-138,共11页
Qilu Journal
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“历代赋论整理研究”(19ZDA249)
贵州省社会科学基金重大项目“《文选》赋走兽类名物汇考与研究”(17GZWT02)。
关键词
经学
辞赋
拟人化
牛
名物
Confucian Classics
Cifu
personification
the cattle
object
作者简介
易闻晓,男,文学博士,贵州师范大学中国诗赋研究院教授,教育部“长江学者”特聘教授,博士生导师。
