三元模式归于二元模式——论环境公益救济诉讼体系之重构被引量：22

From the Ternary Mode to the Binary Mode--On the Reconstruction of Litigation System for Environmental Public Interest

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摘要我国目前针对环境公益救济创设了三种诉讼制度:环境民事公益诉讼、环境行政公益诉讼以及生态环境损害赔偿诉讼。环境民事公益诉讼中司法权介入环境公益保护,替代环境监管执法主体履行职责,会导致司法权与行政权错位。生态环境损害赔偿诉讼面世后,与环境民事公益诉讼制度重合、衔接不畅暴露了现有三元诉讼模式的不足。生态环境损害赔偿诉讼的请求权基础并非自然资源国家所有权或环境监管职责,而应当是政府受托代表的环境公益,其与环境民事公益诉讼在价值目标、制度功能、请求权基础、救济客体、诉讼对象、诉求范围等方面无显著差异,并存实无必要,应予优化整合。可考虑保留环境行政公益诉讼,将环保组织纳入原告范围,对执法者进行监督;去除现有的环境民事公益诉讼制度,将“生态环境损害赔偿诉讼”改为“生态环境损害公益诉讼”,由政府(或其指定的部门、机构)作为原告,在环境公益受损害时请求司法救济。制度构建时应保留磋商前置程序,采用原告举证规则,并考虑引入惩罚性损害赔偿机制。 China has created three litigation systems for environmental public welfare relief:environmental civil public interest litigation,environmental administrative public interest litigation and ecological environmental damage compensation litigation.In the first one,judicial power intervenes in environmental public welfare protection and performs its duties instead of government,which will lead to a misalignment of judicial power and administrative power.After the ecological environment damage compensation litigation came out,the overlap with the environmental civil public interest litigation system exposed the shortcomings of the existing ternary litigation model.The basis of claims for ecological environment damage compensation is not the national ownership of natural resources or the responsibility of environmental supervision,but the environmental public interest.There is no significant difference between these two kinds of litigation in terms of value objective,system function,basis of claim,object of relief,object of litigation,etc.So the coexistence is unnecessary.Environmental administrative public interest litigation should be retained,and environmental protection organizations could be added as plaintiff;Environmental civil public interest litigation system should be removed,and“ecological environment damage compensation litigation”should be changed to“ecological environment damage public interest litigation”.As the plaintiff,the government can request judicial relief,and the pre-consultation procedure should be retained.The plaintiff’s proof rule should be adopted,and the introduction of a punitive damage compensation mechanism should be considered.

作者薄晓波 BO Xiao-bo

机构地区江南大学法学院

出处《中国地质大学学报（社会科学版）》 CSSCI 北大核心 2020年第4期34-47,共14页 Journal of China University of Geosciences(Social Sciences Edition)

基金国家社科基金青年项目“环境民事公益诉讼制度完善研究”(15CFX018) 江苏省社科基金项目“自然资源资产产权统一确权登记制度研究”研究成果(19FXB008)。

关键词环境民事公益诉讼环境行政公益诉讼生态环境损害赔偿诉讼生态环境损害公益诉讼 environmental civil public interest litigation environmental administrative public interest litigation ecological environmental damage compensation litigation ecological environmental damage public interest litigation

分类号 D925.31 [政治法律—诉讼法学]

作者简介薄晓波,法学博士,江南大学法学院副教授,boxiaobo2008@sohu.com(江苏无锡214122)。