摘要
慈善救助在汉代取得重要发展,"裸捐"引人注目,事例很多,最突出的是汉武帝时的卜式多次捐财帮助国家守卫边境。西汉多有平时和荒年赈济贫穷宗族邻里的事项。自汉武帝时起,西汉统治者的慈善观发生变化,皇帝鼓励、褒扬吏民向贫民借贷,助民脱困。朝廷下诏举荐"有行义"者为官,终汉不辍,这是对行善好施的最大肯定。帝诏奖励帮助政府救灾的吏民,是汉代政府与民间慈善互动的表现。东汉散财救恤宗亲邻里的观念和行为十分盛行,有关"裸捐"的记载多于西汉,反映了东汉慈善救助思想和实践的发展。慈善思想是慈善行为的内生性动力,汉代行善去恶的慈善思想内容丰富,行善的目的是为了缓和贫富冲突、保障既得利益和保护家人。其认为行善不应讲求回报,要行善不懈;对于行善者,人不回报天报,不报己身报子孙。"赏善罚恶"是朝廷引导人们向善的重要手段,同时也重视教民行义,富民劝善。
Charitable assistance made further progress in the Han Dynasty,during which the phenomena of "allout donation was notable and common.The most prominent case was a man named Bu Shi who donated large amounts of money multiple times to the regime to help guard the border during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.In the Western Han Dynasty,many records mention the rich donating to help the poor in their clans or in their neighbourhood during peacetime and famine.Since the time of Emperor Wu,the Western Han Dynasty’s rulers changed their views of charity.These emperors encouraged and praised government officials and the rich to lend money to the poor and to help lift them out of poverty.The imperial court issued an edict recommending those who "upheld justice" to serve as officials.This policy was implemented throughout the Han Dynasty and was the highest form of recognition for good deeds.The imperial edicts issued to reward officials and civilians who helped the government through disaster relief manifested the interaction between the government and private charities in the Han Dynasty.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,concepts and behaviours of helping relatives and neighbours through donations were very prevalent.There are more records about "all-out donation" from the Eastern Han Dynasty as compared with the Western Han Dynasty,which reflects the Eastern Han Dynasty’s progress in terms of the thought and practice of charitable assistance.Charitable thoughts are the internal forces of charitable behaviours.In the Han Dynasty,charitable deeds came in various forms with the purpose of easing conflicts between the rich and the poor,as well as protecting vested interests and families.It is believed that motivation for doing good deeds should not be based on rewards,but unremitting efforts.For those who did good deeds,even if others did not reward them,fate would reward them.Even if they were unable to obtain their reward during their lifetime,their future generations would be able to benefit from it."Rewarding good deeds and punishing evil behaviours" is an important means for the imperial court to guide people to be good.At the same time,the imperial court also emphasized the importance of teaching people to uphold justice,making people wealthy and persuading people to demonstrate kindness.
作者
王文涛
Wang Wentao(History and Culture College,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang 050024,China)
出处
《社会保障评论》
CSSCI
2020年第1期118-128,共11页
Chinese Social Security Review
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国慈善通史”(11&ZD091)子课题“先秦到隋唐时期的慈善研究”。
关键词
汉代
慈善
社会救助
裸捐
行善去恶
Han Dynasty
charity
social assistance
all-out donation
rewarding good deeds and punishing evil behaviours
作者简介
王文涛,河北师范大学历史文化学院教授、博士生导师。主要研究方向:秦汉史、社会保障史、慈善史。
