摘要
氨是大气中PM2.5形成的重要前体物,对霾的形成有重要影响。为了解北京市人为源氨排放状况,根据收集的北京行政区范围内的人为氨源活动水平数据,采用排放因子法,初步建立了北京市2012年人为源氨排放清单。结果表明,北京市2012年人为源氨排放总量为61 136 t。农业源是北京市人为源氨排放的重要来源,其中畜禽养殖氨排放量占排放总量的44.1%,其次是农田化肥施用,其贡献率为26.8%。猪是畜禽养殖氨排放的最大贡献者,贡献率为45.2%,其次为蛋鸡,其贡献率为28.0%;小客车是机动车氨排放的主要贡献者,贡献率为89.2%;垃圾填埋是垃圾处理氨排放的主要贡献者,贡献率为77.1%。北京市人为源氨平均排放强度为3.7 t/km2,明显高于欧盟、美国、日本及我国平均水平。
The present paper is inclined to present an anthropogenic ammonia emission inventory in the year 2012 in Beijing so as for more people to be aware of the dangerous level of anthropogenic ammonia emissions in the city. To our knowledge,the anthropogenic ammonia emission sources in Beijing mainly include the excrement of the livestock,the fertilizers＇ application,the exhaust emission of the motor vehicles,the sewage treatment,the domestic waste treatment and breath,sweat and waste of the humans. The results of our investigation indicate that the total anthropogenic ammonia emission in Beijing proves to be approximately 61 136 t in 2012. The amounts of livestock,fertilizer application,motor vehicles,sewage treatment,domestic waste treatment and humans tend to account for 44. 1%,26. 8%,8. 2%,4. 7%,5. 3%,10. 9% of the total ammonia emissions,respectively. In addition,the agricultural source including livestock and fertilizer application tends to be the most significant anthropogenic ammonia emission source in Beijing,totally accounting for 71% of the total emissions,whereas the livestock mainly consist of dairy cows,beef cows,swine,sheep,goats,laying hens and broilers in the respective suburban farms and villages. Among them,the swine turns to be the greatest contributor under the category of livestock sources,accounting for 45. 2% of all the livestock emissions,which is followed by the laying hens with a contribution of28. 0%. The sources of the motor vehicles mainly include the passenger cars,small trucks,buses,diesel trucks,motorcycles,etc.Among them,passenger cars have now become the chief contributor under the category of mobile pollution sources, accounting for89. 2% of the total mobile exhaust emissions. And,last of all,the domestic waste treatment mainly comes from the landfill,incineration and compost,with the landfill being the main contributor under the category of domestic waste treatments,taking about 77. 1% of domestic waste treatment emissions. As to the waste emission of the city residential population,which makes up of urban and rural residents,who serves as the major contributor among human-source pollutants,accounting for 78. 5% of human emissions. In conclusion,it is necessary to point out that the average ammonia emission intensity in Beijing turns to be 3. 7 t / km2,which tends to be significantly higher than the EU,US,Japan and the average national level in China.
出处
《安全与环境学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2016年第2期242-245,共4页
Journal of Safety and Environment
基金
北京市科技计划项目(Z131100005613046)
北京市环境保护科学研究院科技基金项目(2012-B-09)
关键词
环境学
北京
人为氨源
排放清单
environmentalology
Beijing
anthropogenic ammonia emission sources
emission inventory
作者简介
张双，助理研究员，从事环境规划与政策研究，zhangshuang2015@163．com
