摘要
唐宋以前儒家文献中的“老师”一词与“大儒”、“宿儒”对应,泛指硕学大儒,与现代汉语里的“老师”相比,在语法上还有一个重大区别,即“老师大儒”的“老”字有实意,而现代汉语中“老师”的“老”字只是一个词头。唐宋时期宗教用语中的“老师”一词,无论是道教还是佛教,多用来指称传教者,而不用于世俗的教育者。明代嘉靖之后,受科举制度的影响,“老师”一词演变为门生对座师的尊称并逐步成为一般弟子对先生的尊称。进入20世纪,伴随着新式学堂的大量出现和科举制度的废止,“老师”的称谓最终脱去与科举制的关联。而“老师”真正用作对一般教育者的尊称,则是中华人民共和国成立以后。
The Chinese term Laoshi （teacher）, as a title for educators, has experienced a long-time development. In the Confucian literature before the Tang and Song Dynasties （before 618 A. D. ）, Laoshi corresponded to Daru, Suoru, meaning ＂great man of learning＂. Compared with Laoshi in modern Chinese, there exists a big difference in grammar between them. In ancient literature, Lao has its real meaning, w in modern Chinese, Lao carries no real meaning, only a prefix. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Laoshi, as a religious term either in Taoism or Buddhism, usually referred to preachers instead of worldly educators. After the Reign of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, influenced by the imperial examination system, Laoshi evolved into an honorable title used by the disciples on their masters. Within the next 300 or 400 years, Laoshi gradually changed into an honorable title used by common students to refer to their teachers. In the 20th century, with the surging of the modern schools and the abolition of the imperial examination system, the title Laoshi finally lost its connection with the imperial examination system. It is after the founding of the People＇s Republic of China that Laoshi has really become a popular honorable title for common educators. Nowadays, Laoshi as a title for educators embodies rich traditional cultural connotations. It not only displays the professional identity of the teachers properly, but expresses the esteem and expectation of the society towards teachers＇ morality and integrity.
出处
《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
2007年第3期61-67,共7页
Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
关键词
老师
教师
先生
Laoshi
Jiaoshi
Xiansheng
作者简介
田正平（1944-），男，山西应县人，浙江大学教育学院教育学系教授，博士生导师，主要从事中国教育现代化及中外教育交流史等方面的研究；
章小谦（1970-），男，江西余江人，浙江大学教育学院教育学系博士后，江西师范大学教育学院副教授。主要从事中国近现代教育史研究。
