摘要
采用听觉动窗法和跨通道探测技术,设计3个实验考察了汉语口语句子理解中,动词隐含因果性和重读对代词加工的影响及其时间进程。实验1中自变量为动词类型和韵律特征;实验2、3中增加探测词类型变量。结果发现:动词隐含因果性影响代词的指认方向;当代词不重读时,动词隐含因果性在遇到代词后立即影响代词可能先行词的激活水平。代词重读影响“因为”分句的阅读时间,且在代词后立即影响主语型动词语句中代词的加工。
Introduction
There are many factors influencing pronoun processing in spoken language comprehension, such as implicit verb causality and accentuation. Numerous studies （ McDonald ＆ MacWhinney, 1995 ; Garnham, Traxler ＆ Oakhill, et al, 1996 ; Debra ＆ Long, 2000; Sun Y, Shu H, Zheng X, et al 2001 ） have shown that implicit verb causality influenced pronouns resolution. Focus hypothesis and integration hypothesis（ Stewart, 2000）both claim that implicit causality makes some candidate antecedent prominent. However, these studies are not consistent on its time course on pronoun processing： on line or off line. In spoken language domain, researchers（Akmajian, 1970; Cahn, 1995; Kameyama, 1999; Venditti,Stone ＆ Tepper, 2001; Wang D ＆ Yang Y, 2004） have studied the effect of accentuation on pronoun processing but have not come to a conclusion. Some researchers claim that stressed pronoun shifts the center of attention, whereas others argue that it only works in parallel-structure sentences. As mentioned above, different prominence of candidate antecedents arisen by implicit verb causality provides us a natural instance for observing the effect of accentuation.
The present study aimed to explore the effects of implicit verb causality and accentuation on pronoun processing during spoken Chinese sentence comprehension as well as their time course, using auditory moving window technique （ experiment 1 ） and cross-modal probe method （ experiment 2 and 3 ）, by comparing the comprehension time, percentage of choosing NP1, reaction time to probe words between NP1 verb and NP2 verb level, stressed pronoun and unstressed pronoun level.
Method
One hundred and one paid volunteers participated in the study （30, 20, and 21 in experiments 1,2, and 3, respectively）. In the self-paced listening paradigm, participants listened to the sentences clause-by-clause and interpreted the pronoun. In the cross-modal probe procedure, sentences were presented by earphone and the probe word （NP1, NP2） was presented on screen. In experiment 2, participants reacted at once when the sentence ended. In experiment 3,participants responded as soon as encountering the pronoun.
Results
The result of experiment 1 showed that percentage of choosing NP1 in NP1 verb than that in NP2 verb condition, and that reading time of the second clause in stressed condition was significantly higher pronoun condition was significantly longer than that in unstressed pronoun condition. The result of experiment 2 showed that in NP1 verb condition, RT （reaction time） to NP1 was significantly shorter than that to NP2, whereas in NP2 verb condition, the probe time was similar. In NP1 verb condition, RT to NP1 in stressed pronoun condition was significantly longer than that of unstressed condition, whereas RT to NP2, the reverse tendency was observed. The results of experiment 3 were similar to those in experiment 2, except that RT to NP2 did not achievesignificant level.
Conclusions
This study supported the focus hypothesis, which indicates that implicit verb causality influences pronoun processing immediately. Accentuation could shift the center of attention even in nonparallel-structure sentences ; there were interaction between implicit verb causality and accentuation during spoken sentence comprehension.
出处
《心理学报》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2006年第4期497-506,共10页
Acta Psychologica Sinica
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(39970254
30370481)。
关键词
口语句子理解
动词隐含因果性
重读
代词解决
spoken sentence comprehension, implicit verb causality, accentuation, pronoun processing.
作者简介
通讯作者：杨玉芳，E-mail：yangyf@psych．ac．cn
