摘要
海上刑事案件中普遍存在证明困难问题,在总结以往证明困难特点,以海上生产生活经验为基础,尽可能发现基础事实与待证事实间具有的稳态联系或伴生关系,总结出可被适用的推定规则,从而在基础事实和待证事实间建起"桥梁"是一种必要、合理且切实可行的方法,逻辑本质是归纳推理。海上刑事案件推定的合理性不仅仅因为证明必要及困难,也因为海上环境时空限制导致稳态联系具有相当可靠性,海上行为主体的法定或者职务义务也会导致推定规则适用,这些适用并不违背无罪推定原则。推定转移了证明责任,包括举证责任和说服责任,故其必须是法定的,而非司法官可自行创设,相关推定规则的创立和具体适用更适宜通过"两高"司法解释作为支撑。海上刑事案件的推定本质上是对部分构成要件要素成立的直接认定,不能将基于逻辑推理基础上形成的事实认定等同于推定。除结果预见可能性外,相关推定应当具有可反驳性。从举证公平角度,控方对被告人基础事实的证明必须达到"排除合理怀疑"标准,被告人推翻推定事实的证明则达到"产生怀疑"或者"优势证明"标准即可。海上刑事案件中的推定主要包含对行为人具有主观明知、特定犯罪目的之故意犯罪有责要素、结果预见可能性、未履行结果回避义务之过失犯罪有责要素,也包括对因果关系等构成要件该当性中部分要素之推定。
There are widespread problems for proof in maritime criminal cases.Based on the summary of the difficulty characteristics and experience of production and life at sea,it is proved a necessary,reasonable and practical method to find the stable relationship or symbiotic relationship as far as possible between the basic facts and the facts to be proved,and sum up an applicable presumption rule,so as to establish a"bridge"between the basic facts and the facts to be proved.It is rational to make presumption in maritime criminal cases due to the difficulty of proof,and the legal or duty obligations of a particular subject.It is presumed to transfer the burden of proof and the burden of persuasion,so the presumption must be legal rather than created by the judicial officers.The establishment and specific application of the relevant presumption rules should be supported by the laws and interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate.Essentially the presumption in maritime criminal cases is a direct determination of the establishment of some constitutive elements.From the perspective of fairness of proof,the prosecution’s proof of the defendant’s basic facts must meet the criteria of"excluding reasonable doubt",while the proof of the defendant’s overturning the presumption of facts should reach the criteria of"probability of doubt"or"proof of superiority".The presumption in maritime criminal cases mainly includes the responsibility elements of intentional crime,which conducts specific criminal crime on purpose,and the responsibility elements of criminal negligence,which has the possibility of predicting the result but fail to perform the responsibility in order to avoid obligation,as well as the presumption of some of the constitutive elements of the causal relationship.
作者
罗恒
LUO Heng(Shanghai Marine Police Corps Perparatory Team,Shanghai 200013,China)
出处
《公安海警学院学报》
2019年第4期1-16,共16页
Journal of China Maritime Police Academy
关键词
海上刑事案件
举证责任
推定
构成要件要素
证明标准
Maritime criminal case
Burden of proof
Presumption
Constitutive elements
Proof standard
作者简介
罗恒(1988-),男,安徽铜陵人,武警海警总队上海支队(上海海警局)参谋部行政执法科副营职参谋,主要从事刑事法学研究。
