摘要
2015年以来,我国国家公园体制试点取得了重要进展,但也存在大规模无序的矿产和水电开发破坏生态系统等问题,如何解决上述难题成为试点重要的任务之一。相比之下,美国国家公园体系内有大量矿产和油气资源,矿产开发管理历史悠久,积累了一定经验。美国联邦法规汇编第36篇详细规定了矿产准入许可、表面扰动暂停、档案记录、利益变化、各项评估、开发计划、用水、用路、恢复治理要求、履约保证金、诉讼、处罚和公众档案查询等事宜。此外,现在所有公园都不再接受新的联邦矿产租赁申请。美国国家公园矿产管理最突出的特点有三方面:分级分类管理制度、准入审查许可制度、产量和作业范围限制制度。我国可学习借鉴美国的管理经验,完善立法和执法,建立分级管理制度和矿产约束机制,建立定期评估和监督机制,完善退矿善后机制。
Since 2015,China’s national park system pilot has made huge progress,but there are also problems such as large-scale disordered minerals and hydropower development,which resulted in destruction of ecosystems.How to solve the above problems has become one of the important tasks of the pilot.In contrast,there is a large number of mineral and oil and gas resources in the US National Parks.They has a long history of mineral development management and accumulated certain experiences.Title 36 of the Code of Federal Regulations specifies mineral access permits,surface disturbance pauses,archival records,changes in interests,assessments,development plans,water use,and road use,restoration and repair requirements,performance bonds,litigation,penalties and public file enquiries.In addition,all parks are now closed to new federal mineral leasing applications.The most prominent features of mineral management in the US national parks are as follows:the hierarchical classification management system,the access examination and approval system,and the production and operation scope restriction system.China could learn from the management experience of the United States,improve the legislation and law enforcement,establish a hierarchical management system and a mineral constraint mechanism,establish a regular assessment and monitoring mechanisms,and discover the post-mineral recovery mechanism.
作者
张多
赵洪钱
王丽
李想
林进
郭晔
郭志起
ZHANG Duo;ZHAO Hongqian;WANG Li;LI Xiang;LIN Jin;GUO Ye;GUO Zhiqi(Forestry Economics and Development Research Center,State Forestry and Grassland Administration,Beijing 100714,China;School of Environment and Natural Resources,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100714,China;Qinghai Forestry Engineering Consulting Center,Xining 810000,China;Beijing Seven Star Eco-Culture&Tourism Technology Co.,Ltd,Beijing 100702,China)
出处
《国土资源情报》
2020年第2期3-7,共5页
Land and Resources Information
基金
国家发展改革委、国家林业和草原局联合研究项目“生态保护与修复体制机制创新研究”
国家林业和草原局重大问题调研项目“以国家公园为主体的自然保护地监管模式比较研究”(ZDWT2019-2)
世界银行林业项目“中国森林可持续经营及融资机制”(P161175).
关键词
国家公园
矿产资源
准入审查许可
联邦矿权租赁
定期评估
National park
Mineral resources
Access review permit
Federal Mineral Leases
Periodic assessment
作者简介
第一作者:张多(1987-),硕士,工程师。研究方向:国家公园管理。邮箱:415556936@qq.com;通讯作者:李想,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:国家公园、林草政策。邮箱scy0418@163.com
