摘要
2020年修订的《固体废物污染环境防治法》关于行政罚款制度的规定典型地反映了我国环保立法的新发展,这种新发展集中体现于罚款设定方式的多样化、罚款额度的巨额化、罚款双罚制适用范围的扩大化这三个方面。透过这些规定可以看出我国环保立法存在以威慑为基础的重罚主义倾向,环保罚款双罚制适用范围的扩大意在刺破公司面纱、落实处罚到个人的要求,有利于提高威慑的精准性。但是,一味追求处罚的严厉性而不提高处罚概率(确定性)会带来执法公平、寻租和规制俘虏以及威慑与激励失衡等问题。对单位违法适用罚款双罚制,要注意其适用条件和界限,根据环境违法行为侵害法益的严重性、单位的具体类型、单位成员的主观过错等情况予以考量和确定。
The regulations on the administrative fine system in the"Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste"revised in 2020 typically reflect the new development of China’s environmental protection legislation.This new development is concentrated in the diversification of fine setting methods,the huge amount of fines,and the expansion of the scope of application of the double-penalty system.It can be seen that environmental protection legislation has a tendency to heavy punishment based on deterrence.The expansion of the scope of application of the double-penalty system is intended to pierce the veil of the company and implement the requirements of punishment to individuals,which is conducive to improving the accuracy of deterrence.However,blindly pursuing the severity of punishment without increasing the probability of punishment(certainty)will bring about issues such as fair law enforcement,rent-seeking and regulation of captives,and imbalance between deterrence and incentives.When applying the double-penalty system for unit violations,attention should be paid to its applicable conditions and limits,and it should be considered and determined according to the severity of the violation of legal interests by environmental violations,the specific types of units,and the subjective faults of unit members.
出处
《法学评论》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第3期163-172,共10页
Law Review
基金
2020年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“加快推进生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化研究”(项目编号:20&ZD091)的阶段性成果
关键词
新《固废法》
罚款设定方式
威慑
双罚制
刺破公司面纱
New Solid Waste Law
Fine Setting Method
Deterrence
Double Penalty System
Piercing the Corporation’s Veil
作者简介
吴卫星,南京大学法学院教授
