摘要
过罚相当原则条款在规范构造上仅规定了“过”的判断因素,在行政处罚实践中被大量“变通”适用。由于过罚相当原则并没有提供明确的判断标准与适用方法,导致行政机关和法院即使考虑了所有主客观因素,也面临适用难题。过罚相当原则的裁量因素应包括“过”和“相当”两大方面,在根据违法行为的性质、情节、社会危害程度而准确判断“过”的大小后,还需要全面考虑过罚“相当”的相关因素。过罚“相当”和损益“成比例”的判断方法具有相通性,可以也应当运用比例原则辅助并约束过罚相当裁量。为了减少过罚相当原则适用的主观性与不确定性,作为基本法的《行政处罚法》应增加“可以式”从轻、减轻处罚规范,明确设立酌定从轻、减轻处罚规范,扩充法定从重处罚规范。行政机关负有努力制定高质量裁量基准的义务,但裁量基准易导致过罚相当原则的价值落空且其内容可能不合理,故应当依靠而不依赖裁量基准。
In terms of structure,the clause of the principle of suiting penalty to fault only stipulates the judgment factor of‘fault’,and it is‘flexibly’applied in the practice of administrative punishment.Since the principle of suiting penalty to fault does not provide a clear judgment standard and application method,administrative agencies and courts are faced with the dilemma of application even if they have fully considered all the subjective and objective factors.Discretionary factors for the principle of suiting penalty to fault should include two aspects:‘fault’and‘equivalent’.After accurately judging the size of‘fault’according to the nature,circumstances,and degree of social harm of the illegal act,it is also necessary to fully consider the related factors of punishment‘equivalent’.The judgment methods of‘equivalent’and‘being proportional’to profit and loss are similar,and the principle of proportionality can and should be used to assist and constrain the discretion of punishment.In order to reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty of the application of the principle of suiting penalty to fault,the Law on Administrative Penalty as the basic law should add‘maybe’lighter punishment norms,clearly establish discretionary lighter punishment norms,and expand the statutory heavier punishment norms.Administrative agencies are obliged to work hard to formulate high-quality discretionary benchmarks,but the discretionary benchmark can easily lead to the failure of the value of the principle of suiting penalty to fault and the content may be unreasonable,so the discretionary benchmark should not be excessively relied on.
出处
《中国法学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第2期129-148,共20页
China Legal Science
作者简介
刘权,中央财经大学法学院教授。
