摘要
科技规划理论研究特别是规划实施方面的理论研究匮乏,是造成中国科技规划长期存在“重制定、轻实施”现象的一个重要原因,当前亟需强化相关理论与实践研究以指导建立科学有效的规划实施机制,进而提升规划的实施效率与效果。通过对日本迄今连续发布的6期《科技基本计划》及其有关配套执行文件的文本内容分析,以及对其相关执行落实情况的跟踪调查,发现在不同的经济社会和科技创新发展背景下,日本《科技基本计划》先后发展形成了“重点领域”型、“问题解决”型和“社会技术系统”型3种不同的实施机制模式,其内在的目标任务执行路径和方法手段也各异。最后,在总结日本科技规划实施机制经验基础上,结合中国实际,提出了加强科技规划目标管理、突出科技创新“一体化”设计、注重科技创新与社会创新协同、强化规划实施组织领导以及制定年度实施计划等五方面改进完善中国科技规划实施机制的启示建议。
The lack of theoretical research on science,technology and innovation(STI)plan,especially on plan implementation mechanism,is a key factor causing the general and longstanding phenomenon of"emphasizing formulation and neglecting implementation"in China,which has had a negative impact on the efficiency and effect of the organization and implementation of STI plans formulated by the Chinese government.Therefore,nowadays it is urgent to strengthen relevant theoretical research to establish a scientific and effective STI plan implementation mechanism.Since 1996,the Japanese government has successively issued and implemented 6 Science and Technology Basic Plans to continuously carry out strategic deployment and provide guidance for Japan’s science and technology development.Through the analysis of the content of Japan’s 1st to 6th Science and Technology Basic Plan and relevant supporting documents from the aspect of implementation mechanism and the follow-up investigation of relevant practical plan implementation,it is found that the evolution history of the implementation mechanism of Japan’s Basic Science and Technology Plans could be summarized and divided into four main stages under different development backgrounds of economy,society and STI.Moreover,during the evolution,Japan’s Science and Technology Basic Plan has successively formed three different implementation mechanism models:"key areas","problem-solving"and"social technology system",and the internally designed implementation paths and methods of the three models are also different accordingly.The 1st and 2nd Science and Technology Basic Plan could be regarded as the initial stage of the evolution and didn’t establish effective implementation mechanism systematically.The 3rd Science and Technology Basic Plan developed the"key areas"model creatively,and its implementation mechanism is mainly to select key areas and break down objectives of the plan,and then to identify"Important R&D Issues"in each key area targeting to the broken-down plan objectives.Through the linkage of"Important R&D Issues"and broken-down plan objectives,the implementation of the planned objectives of the 3rd Science and Technology Basic Plan could be insured.Starting from the 4th Science and Technology Basic Plan,the planning and implementation model of Japan’s Science and Technology Basic Plan had undergone a strategic shift,and the new"problem-solving"model was developed hence.Its implementation mechanism is mainly identifying"Important Policy Problems"according to economic and social development needs to realize the planned objectives of the4th Science and Technology Basic Plan,and aiming at the solution of"Important Policy Problems",systematically deploying R&D programs and projects,formulating relevant policies,and promoting the"integration"of STI by mobilizing resources throughout the whole government system.In the face of grand challenges such as climate change,the6th Science and Technology Basic Plan further developed a"social technology system"model,taking the construction of"society 5.0"as the integrated highest vision,which systematically guiding the nurture of innovative talents,knowledge creation and knowledge application throughout the whole society of Japan.Generally,in the planning and implementation history of the 6 Science and Technology Basic Plans,Japanese government adhered to the concept of management by objectives,highlighted the orientation of social and economic problems,paid attention to the establishment of plan implementation system,focused on the synergy of innovation,kept preparing supporting documents,and successively strengthened the leadership of the planning authority.The above thoughts and measures had effectively guaranteed and promoted the smooth organization and implementation of Japan’s Science and Technology Basic Plan.The historical experience of the Japanese government in the formulation and design of implementation mechanism of the Science and Technology Basic Plan could provide positive reference for strengthening the implementation and management of China’s STI plans.Based on the above experience,suggestions from five aspects are put forward to enhance the implementation efficiency and effect of China’s STI plans as follows:reinforcing the management by objectives of STI plans,highlighting the integration of STI in planning,paying attention to the synergy between science and technology innovation and social innovation,strengthening leadership to promote plan implementation,and preparing annual implementation plan for five-year STI plans.
作者
陈光
CHEN Guang(National Center for Science and Technology Evaluation,Beijing 100081,China)
出处
《科学学与科学技术管理》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第2期32-48,共17页
Science of Science and Management of S.& T.
基金
国家自然科学基金应急管理项目(71641024)
科技部科技创新战略研究专项项目(ZLY201904)
关键词
日本
科技基本计划
实施机制
经验
Japan
Science and Technology Basic Plan
implementation mechanism
experience
作者简介
通信作者:陈光(1981—),男,汉族,江西乐平人,副研究员、博士,研究方向:科技管理与评估、科技规划与政策,chenguang@ncste.org
