摘要
蒙元时期,大多数疑母字失落舌根鼻音,混入影喻母,个别细音字混入泥母,少数声母继续保持舌根鼻音[η]的读法。明清时期,影疑母字零声母化继续扩大。根据明清以来的文献材料及现代官话方言,影疑母在近代以来官话中的分合关系可分为以下四个类型:分立型,影、疑母字不相混淆;合一型,影、疑母字全部合流读作零声母;二分型,影、疑母字发生重组,开口洪音字流入疑母读[η],细音字转入影母,读为零声母;三分型,影母开口字并入疑母,影、疑母细音字不相混淆。汉语从明以来标准音走合一型的演变路径,疑影母演变速度为:北京话>南京话>标准语。在传教士文献中,清末北京话影疑母字记录为舌根鼻音声母[η],我们认为这与发声动作、音系结构“和谐度”及标准音的影响有关。
During the Yuan Dynasty,most characters of the MC Yi疑initial lost the velar nasal[η]and merged into the MC Ying影and Yu喻initials,some with high front vowels merged into the MC Ni泥initial,and few retained the velar nasal[η].During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the zero-initialization of the MC Ying影and Yi疑initials expanded.Based on the literatures since the Ming and Qing Dynasties and present Mandarins,there are four types of merging and spliting relationship between the MC Ying影and Yi疑initials in Mandarins since modern China,i.e.the discrete type in which pronunciations of the two initials are clearly distinguished,the integrated type in which pronunciations of the two initials are both zero initial,the dichotomnous type in which pronunciations of the two initials are recombined according to the head vowel,and the trisection type in which parts of the pronunciations merge while parts retain separated.Standard Chinese have been on the evolution path of integrated type since the Ming Dynasty and pronunciations of the MC Ying影and Yi疑initials evolved at different speed in different Mandarins,as fastest in Beijing Mandrin,faster in Nanjing Mandarin while slowest in Putonghua.The MC Ying影and Yi疑initials are pronunced as the velar nasal[g]in the literatures by missionary on Beijing Mandarin in the late Qing Dynasty which is considered to be related with the act of phonation,the harmony phonological structure,and the interference of Standard Mandarin.
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“元明清民国时期官话语音语料库平台建设与研究”(17ZDA304)
江苏省社科基金青年项目“近代传教士南京官话文献的语言学研究”(22YYC001)阶段性研究成果
关键词
明清时期
影疑母
语音演变
音系结构
the Ming and Qing Dynasties
the MC Ying 影 and Yi 疑 initials
phonological evolution
phonological structure
作者简介
付芳,1514574067@qq.com
