摘要
当代拉祜族苦聪人中的拉祜纳又自称“锅搓”[k■^(31)ts^(h)■^(33)]。由于“锅搓”[k■^(31)ts^(h)■^(33)]、“锅锉”二者音近,《新唐书》中的“锅锉蛮”常被视作当代苦聪人的先民。但笔者发现,此一看法其实出自误会。“锅搓”[k■^(31)ts^(h)■^(33)]、“苦聪”其实来自对苦聪人的他称。因为在云南,藏族以其堡垒闻名,所以纳西语、白语、汉语中分别称藏族为^(2)gv^(1)dzu、ku^(21)tsō^(55)“古宗”,即对藏语康方言中甸话中■■■■■mkhar-rdzong“堡垒”的音译。之后,“古宗”及“苦葱”等异译成了汉语中对经常迁徙的山居人群的泛称,此类人群不仅有当代藏族、苦聪人的先民,还有当代彝族、哈尼族的一部分先民。最终,这种称呼的所指范围逐渐收缩,乃至以“苦聪”的写法固化为拉祜族苦聪人的名称。
The Kucong is a subgroup of Lahu ethnic group,and the Lahuna of the Kucong people have an endonym[k■^(31)ts^(h)■^(33)].Because of the phonetic similarity between guocuo and[k■^(31)ts^(h)■^(33)],the people Guocuoman in Xintangshu are often regarded as the contemporary Kucong people’s ancestors.However,the author found that this view results from a misunderstanding.[k■^(31)ts^(h)■^(33)]and kucong actually came from an exonym of the Kucong people.Since in Yunnan,the Tibetan people were renowned for their fortresses,their exonyms in Naxi,Bai and Chinese are respectively^(2)gv^(1)dzu,[ku^(21)tsō^(55)]and guzong that are actually the transcriptions of mkhar-rdzong"fortress"from the Tibetan dialect of rGyal-thang.Thus,guzong and the homogeneous transcriptions such as kucong became the Chinese exonyms for nomadic mountainous populations,among whom there were the ancestors of not only the Tibetan and the Kucong,but also some of the Yi and the Hani,in Yunnan.Ultimately,the signifying range of the transcriptions shrank until kucong solidified into an ethnonym of the Kucong people.
关键词
锅锉
苦聪
拉祜
古宗
藏族
guocuo
the Kucong
the Lahu
guzong
the Tibetan
作者简介
姜照中,“台湾清华大学”人文社会学院历史研究所博士研究生
