摘要
一次性施肥技术是指在作物根际附近只进行一次基施肥的新技术,具有简化施肥管理、降低劳动成本等优点,但其对环境的影响如氮素淋失等仍需进一步分析.本研究以长江中下游地区典型的水稻-油菜轮作模式为例,设置了空白对照(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、优化施肥(OPT)、一次性基施尿素(UA)、一次性基施控释肥(CRF)5个处理,采用地下淋溶原位监测的方法,获取了不同处理下水稻-油菜轮作系统土壤90 cm深度处氮素(N)淋失特征,评估了一次性施肥技术对氮素淋失的影响,并综合分析了其经济效应.结果表明:油菜季和水稻季土壤渗漏液中氮素的主要形态不同,油菜季渗漏液中以NO_3^--N为主,水稻季渗漏水中NO_3^--N和NH_4^+-N各占约50%.从整个轮作周期看,氮素淋失主要发生在水稻季,与FP、OPT和UA相比,CRF氮淋失总量分别显著减少33.7%、20.8%和20.7%;但各施肥处理对油菜季氮素淋失影响不显著.在相同施氮量的条件下,与OPT相比,UA不仅保证油菜和水稻均稳产,而且使油菜季氮肥农学效率显著提高了15.1%,但是没能提高水稻季氮肥农学效率;CRF水稻产量和氮肥农学效率均差异不显著,但油菜产量和氮肥农学效率分别显著提高10.7%和18.9%.经济效益上,与OPT相比,UA和CRF处理油菜分别增收3660和3048元·hm^(-2),水稻分别增收3162和2220元·hm^(-2).因此,对于长江中下游典型种植系统而言,综合考虑对氮素淋失、作物产量和经济效益的影响,一次性基施控释肥技术能在保证作物稳产或增产、提高农民经济效益的同时显著降低氮淋失量,是未来水稻-油菜轮作系统值得推荐的一种生产技术.
One-off fertilization is a new technology of one-time applying base fertilizer near the rhizosphere during whole crop cultivation period.It has the advantages of simplifying fertilization manage-ment and reducing labor costs,but its impacts on environment,such as leaching characteristics need further analysis.We set five treatments in the typical rice-rape rotation system in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,including control treatment(CK),farmers’practice treatment(FP),optimal fertilizer treatment(OPT),one-off application of urea fertilizer treatment(UA)and one-off application of controlled release urea treatment(CRF).Using in situ leaching monitoring method,nitrogen(N)leaching characteristics at 90 cm depth of soil in rice-rape rotation system under different treatments were obtained,the impacts of one-off fertilization on N lea-ching were evaluated and its economic benefits were comprehensively analyzed.The results showed that the main forms of N in leachate were different for rape and rice.In the rape season,NO3--N was the major component of leachate,while for rice season NO3--N and NH4+-N were equally important.In the whole rotation period,the inorganic N leaching mainly occurred in the rice season,and compared with FP,OPT and UA,the total amount of inorganic N leached by CRF were significantly reduced by 33.7%,20.8%,and 20.7%,respectively.However,the effects of different fertilization treatments on N leaching in rape season were not significantly different.Under the same N application rates,compared with OPT,UA ensured the stable yield of rape and rice and significantly increased the NAE in rape season by 15.1%,but failed to improve the NAE in rice season.There was no significant difference between OPT and CRF in rice yield and NAE,but rape yield and NAE of CRF significantly increased by 10.7%and 18.9%,respectively.From the economic front,compared with OPT,UA and CRF increased rapeseed income by 3660 and 3048 yuan·hm-2,and rice income by 3162 and 2220 yuan·hm-2.Therefore,considering the effects of various fertilizer treatments on N leaching,crop yield,and economic benefits,one-off base fertilization application of controlled release fertilizer technology could ensure stable or increase crop yields,and improve farmers’income,while significantly reduce the inorganic N leaching loss.Such technology is recommended for future rice-rape rotation cultivation.
作者
丁武汉
谢海宽
徐驰
戴震
张婧
王立刚
李虎
DING Wu-han;XIE Hai-kuan;XU Chi;DAI Zhen;ZHANG Jing;WANG Li-gang;LI Hu(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control/Joint Research Laboratory for Sustainable Agro-ecosystem Research between Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and University of New Hampshire(CAAS-UNH),Beijing 100081,China)
出处
《应用生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第4期1097-1109,共13页
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41671303)
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0800101
2016YFD0201204
2018YFD0800402)
公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303103)资助~~
关键词
一次性施肥
氮淋失
经济效益
水稻-油菜轮作系统
one-off fertilization
nitrogen leaching
economic benefit
rice-rape rotation system
作者简介
通讯作者:李虎,E-mail:lihu0728@sina.com.
