摘要
两湖地区渔税的性质从南宋的产业税,到元代具有游牧传统的鱼课、明初的生产税,至清代又转变为产业税,经历数变,反映出传统王朝国家如何对有别于种植农民的具有较强流动性的边缘人群实施管理与控制,以及所达到的效果。总体来说,各代王朝中以明代在水域上实施的制度较为严苛,但大体上都没有脱离土地立场的束缚。赤历、湖册、渔户家谱以及官方文献等记载,说明了明代以里甲制度为蓝本编排渔户业甲,并将渔户与办课水域紧密结合,促成了湖主阶层的产生,湖主的岸居生活意味着流动性在一定程度上的丧失,为国家的统治提供了便利。来自王朝国家的制度从根本上形塑了水域社会,与此同时,渔户等水上活动人群对制度的能动利用则使其具体运行过程及产生的结果又偏离了政府的预期,由此,水域社会发生了类似于土地而又自具特色的演变轨迹。
The nature of fishery tax in Hunan and Hubei area changed from property tax in the Southern Song Dynasty to nomadic traditional yuke (鱼课) in the Yuan Dynasty and production tax in the early Ming Dynasty to property tax in the Qing Dynasty,which reflected how the traditional dynasty government managed and controlled the marginal population with strong mobility,which was different from farmers and the effect they had achieved. Generally speaking,the control measures in water area implemented by the Ming Dynasty in all dynasties were more stringent,but it did not been separated from the land position on the whole. The records of Chili (赤历),Huce (湖册),fishermen’s genealogy and official documents showed that the Ming Dynasty compiled the fishermen’s yejia (业甲) with the lijia (里甲) system as the blueprint,and closely combined the fishermen with the waters where they were working,which contributed to the emergence of the lake owners’ class. The lake owners’ coastal life meant the loss of mobility to a certain extent and facilitated the rule of the country. At the same time,the active use of the system by fishermen and other aquatic people deviated from the expectation of the government. As a result,the aquatic society undergone an evolution track different from the land.
出处
《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2019年第4期1-20,199,共21页
Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
