摘要
内蒙古锡林郭勒生物圈保护区 ,是以保护欧亚大陆典型草原生态系统为目的的世界生物圈保护区。为了保护草原生态系统的完整性以及锡林河流域的生态功能 ,在成立保护区时将锡林浩特城市以及白音锡勒城镇等规划在内。但是 ,锡林郭勒生物圈保护区成立 1 5 a来 ,长期存在着保护与发展的尖锐矛盾 ,保护区基本上无核心区、草地类型的生态系统出现大规模的退化、城市 (镇 )与保护区的发展基本脱节、对自然生态系统的利用处于非常原始的掠夺性利用状态。对于这些问题的解决 ,应充分考虑到社区的发展问题 ,解决人的生存出路并提高他们的生活质量。即以锡林郭勒生物圈保护区为例 ,探讨了城市 (镇 )的作用及其与保护区的相互关系 。
The management of most of China's Protected Areas (PAs) is poor. Not only are they short of funding, but also there exists an acute contradiction between the conservation of nature and the development and survival of the local human communities. Huge population pressure leads to serious ecosystem degradation in most PAs especially in areas of the steppe and it is particularly necessary to fully address relationships between conservation and development. Ecologically sustainable cities or small towns to attract population from the degraded lands might be a solution to land degradation. \; For developing countries, rapid urbanisation is still an important economic force for the rural people even though significant environmental and social problems may arise as a consequence of urbanisation. In rural areas with serious degradation problems, such as grassland or desert ecosystems, lands are in any case used inefficiently. In 2000, MAB considered urban issues in the context of the management of biosphere reserves. Its original intention was to contribute advantages of both PAs and cities to help to resolve conflict between conservation and development around areas designated for protection. Although there have been some studies on the functions of natural ecosystems in supporting urban populations, there have been no studies on the relationship between particular cities and adjacent PAs. In China, there are many PAs which face the problems of urbanisation within or near the their buffer zones, such is the case with Fukang City in the Bogeda Biosphere Reserve, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, and Xilinhot City in the Xilingol Biosphere Reserve (XBR), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The XBR is facing serious grassland degradation, and the relation between the XBR and Xilinhot City and other small towns is poorly understood. The aims of this paper are, therefore, firstly to examine into the relationship between the XBR and urban areas. And secondly, to seek a solution to the serious steppe degradation by fostering urbanisation. \; Using Xilingol Biosphere Reserve and Xilinhot City as examples, we investigated the relationship between a natural reserve and its urban areas, in order to find a reasonable solution for the restoration of degraded steppe ecosystem using an urban concept. The study was conducted in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Historical data were gained by referring the accounts during the period of 1947～2000 for population, domestic animals, land use patterns, economic issues, etc. The land use patterns in XBR now are based on models with very primary or even predatory characteristics which lead to serious land degradation, with 90% of the lands being degraded. The relationship between Xilinhot City and XBR is analyzed to be reciprocal. Except that XBR can provide materials such as foods, water, and health environment for the Xilinhot City and Baiyinxile Town, the urban roles are also remarkable especially in the restoration of degraded steppe ecosystems by reducing the over\|degreed pasture pressure. The cities could host a great deal of population only use a small parts of lands. Natural processes could be enhanced if the huge population pressures were lessened by the city (town). Thus the conservation of the XBR can be ensured especially the core areas are enlarged if we apply such an urban model. Productive activities were suggested for those people moving into cities or towns.
出处
《生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2003年第6期1184-1191,共8页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
中国科学院重大创新资助项目(KSCX1-08-02)
UNESCO-MB资助项目~~
