摘要
可塑性作为动物的一种基本自然属性,能使动物调节自身活动和时间分配,从而适应环境的周期性变化。了解生态位时间维度的可塑性,对揭示物种活动模式的多样性及其驱动因素至关重要。本文基于海南尖峰岭林区2020年11月至2022年10月海南麂(Muntiacus nigripes)的红外相机数据,采用核密度估计方法分析其日活动节律的年际变化、季节变化和性别差异,用行为时间分配频次比例阐明其每日时间分配特征。日活动节律结果表明,在缺失大型食肉动物的区域,海南麂倾向于昼行性活动。海南麂的日活动节律随年际和季节而变化,不同年间海南麂日活动重叠系数存在差异;不同个体的活动节律季节变化中,仅2021年雄性个体的日活动重叠系数呈季节性显著差异;海南麂在生态位时间维度上的社会隔离现象存在明显的年际差异,在2021年表现出时间生态位上的显著分化,两性活动高峰彼此错开,而在2022年则没有类似现象。行为时间分配结果表明,海南麂的主要行为是运动和摄食,其中雌麂运动和摄食分别占总行为比例的36.2%和48.1%,雄麂占44.6%和39.7%;性别因素对海南麂摄食行为、梳理行为和育幼行为的日行为时间分配具有显著影响;季节因素对海南麂摄食行为的影响显著。本研究从不同时间尺度的差异分析雌雄海南麂活动节律和时间分配生态位分化的潜在原因,可能包括捕食风险低、种间竞争压力缺失及资源环境的季节性变化。研究结果可进一步了解野外海南麂种群的生态习性,为后续行为学研究提供重要的科学资料。
[Objectives]Activity rhythms and time budgets are not fixed throughout the life cycle of animals.Instead,animals exhibit adaptability across various dimensions.This adaptability,particularly with respect to the temporal aspects of ecological niches,serves as a viable mechanism for animals to respond to cyclical environmental changes.However,the effects of annual and seasonal cycles on animal activity in the tropics remain unclear,and it is uncertain whether animal activity is plastic.Muntiacus nigripes,a diminutive deer species,inhabits tropical forest ecosystems,yet its natural ecology remains largely unexplored.Therefore,this study examined variations in the activity rhythm and time budget of M.nigripes across different temporal scales.[Methods]From November 2020 to October 2022,160 infrared-triggered camera traps were deployed in the Jianfengling forest area of National Park of Hainan Tropical Rain Forest,Hainan Province,China to monitor M.nigripes and other wildlife.Based on the recorded infrared camera data,the kernel density estimation method built into the“overlap”package was employed to draw the daily activity rhythm curves of M.nigripes in different years,seasons,and sexes.In addition,we used the“overlapEst”function to calculate the overlap coefficient,and applied the Wald test in the“activity”package to assess the statistical significance of difference of the daily activity rhythm in M.nigripes.We recorded the behaviors of M.nigripes through photos and videos.The time budget of daily activity was expressed as the ratio of the number of samples with different behaviors to the total number of samples.The frequency ratio of daily behavioral time allocation was expressed as the ratio of the number of samples of a behavior in a time period to the total number of samples of all behaviors in that time period.Furthermore,we performed the Mann-Whitney U test to examine differences in time budgets for different daily behaviors between different sexes and between different seasons.All analyses were performed by R 4.2.3.[Results]A total of 2739 independently valid photos were captured by 160 cameras over 45719 working days.The results showed that M.nigripes was a diurnal species,mainly active at dawn and dusk.Its daily activity rhythm varied between years and seasons,and the overlap coefficient of daily activity was different between 2021 and 2022(P<0.05).Among the seasonal changes of different individuals,only the overlap coefficient of daily activity of male individuals in 2021 showed a seasonal difference(P<0.05),while the rest showed no significant difference(Fig.3).The temporal dimension of the ecological niche of M.nigripes showed obvious inter-annual variation in social isolation,with 2021 standing out as a significant period of differentiation.Specifically,during the dry season of 2021,a significant divergence was observed in the overlap coefficient of daily activities between males and females(P<0.05).Similarly,during the rainy season of 2021,a significant difference was observed in the overlap coefficient of daily activities between sexes(P<0.05).Conversely,no significant difference was noted in the overlap coefficient of daily activities between males and females in 2022(Fig.4).The primary behaviors of M.nigripes were locomotion and feeding,which respectively accounted for 36.2%and 48.1%of the total behaviors of females and 44.6%and 39.7%of the total behaviors of males(Fig.5).In addition,sexes influenced the diurnal time budget for feeding,grooming,and parental care behaviors(P<0.05),and seasons influenced feeding behaviors(P<0.05).[Conclusion]In the natural ecological setting devoid of large carnivores,M.nigripes exhibits signals of releasing activity times throughout the day,demonstrating plasticity in activity rhythm and time budget across sexes and seasons.
作者
兰天
颜文博
曾治高
黄祝礼
薛少亮
张明军
梁路
覃莉卿
羊子科
莫世亮
莫世琴
陈珉
LAN Tian;YAN Wen-Bo;ZENG Zhi-Gao;HUANG Zhu-Li;XUE Shao-Liang;ZHANG Mingjun;Liang lu;QIN Li-Qing;YANG Zi-Ke;MO Shi-Liang;MO Shi-Qin;CHEN Min(Shaanxi University of Technology,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources,Hanzhong 723000;Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology,Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101;Jianfengling Branch Bureau of National Park of Hainan Tropical Rain Forest,Ledong 572542;Hainan Institute of East China Normal University,Sanya 572025;School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences,Institute of Eco-Chongming,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200241,China)
出处
《动物学杂志》
北大核心
2025年第4期503-513,共11页
Chinese Journal of Zoology
基金
海南国家公园研究院科研项目(No.KY-24ZK01,KY-21ZK01)
2019年中央财政林业改革发展资金尖峰岭珍稀濒危野生动植物保护项目[动合(科)2020-0312]。
关键词
海南麂
红外相机
活动节律
时间分配
行为
Muntiacus nigripes
Infrared camera
Activity rhythm
Time budget
Behavior
作者简介
第一作者:兰天,男,硕士研究生,研究方向:生态学,E-mail:1521803047@qq.com;通讯作者:曾治高,E-mail:zengzhg@ioz.ac.cn。
