摘要
为解决《刑事诉讼法》及相关解释性文件针对初查数据处理规范缺失的问题,需要先厘清数据处理措施的类型,明确其中哪些可以在初查阶段适用,再在此基础上完善初查数据处理的程序规制。以“基本权利干预”作为强制性判断标准,几类判断较为复杂的数据处理措施中,电子数据现场提取、网络技术侦查、向数据主体或网络服务提供者调取电子数据具有强制性,不得在初查中适用;电子数据查询、针对公开发布的电子数据的网络在线提取不具有强制性,可以在初查中适用;针对远程计算机信息系统上的电子数据的网络在线提取、一般网络远程勘验、电子数据冻结、向其他部门调取电子数据,则需要根据电子数据是否承载基本权利进行判断。初查数据处理的程序漏洞体现在初查法律性质不清且与行政执法行为混淆适用、数据处理合法性审查以及程序性制裁缺失、被调查对象在初查数据处理过程中诉讼权利缺失等方面,对此,需要以程序法定原则、比例原则为指引,明确初查作为立案程序组成部分的法律性质,将电子数据纳入非法证据排除的范围,明确初查中被调查对象的诉讼权利,完善保障电子数据真实性的取证规则,加强初查数据处理检察监督,以求规范初查数据处理活动。
To address the issue of lack of regulations on data processing in pre-investigation in the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China and related interpretative documents,it is necessary to first clarify the types of data processing measures and specify which ones can be applied in pre-investigation.On this basis,the procedural regulations for data processing in pre-investigation should be improved.Given"interference with basic rights"as a criterion for coerciveness,among several types of data processing measures that are relatively complex to judge,on-site extraction of electronic data,network technical investigation,and obtaining electronic data from data subjects or network service providers are coercive and cannot be applied in pre-investigation;electronic data query and online extraction of publicly available electronic data are not coercive and can be applied in pre-investigation;online extraction of electronic data from remote computer information systems,general remote network investigation,electronic data freezing,and obtaining electronic data from other departments require judgment based on whether the electronic data carries basic rights.The procedural problems of data processing in pre-investigation are characterized by the unclear legal nature of pre-investigation and its confusion with administrative law enforcement actions,lack of review of the legality of data processing and procedural sanctions,and the absence of litigation rights for the investigated subjects during data processing in pre-investigation.To this end,guided by the principles of procedural legality and proportionality,the legal nature of pre-investigation as part of the case-filing procedure should be clarified,electronic data should be included in the scope of exclusion of illegal evidence,the litigation rights of the investigated subjects in pre-investigation should be specified,the rules for obtaining evidence to ensure the authenticity of electronic data should be improved,and the supervision of data processing in pre-investigation by the procuratorate should be strengthened,in order to regulate data processing in pre-investigation.
作者
张可
陆颢然
ZHANG Ke;LU Haoran
出处
《公安学研究》
2025年第2期39-59,123,124,共23页
Journal of Public Security Science
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目“智慧侦查背景下数据安全的刑事司法保护研究”(22CFXD21)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(24CXT06)。
作者简介
张可(1993-),男,中国政法大学刑事司法学院副教授、硕士研究生导师,法学博士;陆颢然(2001-),男,中国政法大学信访法治化课题组助理研究员。
