摘要
忠恕之道历来被视为儒家美德,20世纪末西方兴起的全球伦理说肯定忠恕是具有普遍意义的道德律,国内学界对此表达了多元认同、全盘否定、局部修正三种不同观点。认同者存在取恕弃忠、以恕包忠、恕体忠用的重恕倾向;批判方主要借助德国哲学,判定忠恕之道是基于自我中心主义的利己主义、霸权主义和权力意志,对之加以全盘否定;修正派在认同批判之际,主张根据西方哲学的利他主义、公正主义、关爱原则等对忠恕加以新的阐发和改造。从历史视域来看,忠恕的丰富含义随着时代思想而发展,先秦重其修身与政治义,宋明重其全体大用义,现代重其积极与消极分别义。忠恕之道实则基于以责任义务之己为中心的自我观,经由克己工夫而达到以己为矩的人己物我贯通之境,它不仅内在蕴含公正、平等、仁爱、同情、尊重、宽容诸德,同时具有理性、谏责等元素,可谓具有普遍意义的儒家美德枢纽。忠恕之道是普遍性与特殊性相统一的引导性道德原则,它承认个体需求的差异性而坚持道德价值的共识性。忠恕之道作为普遍道德原则不仅造福于东亚文明,它作为全球伦理同样堪为现代文明的道德基石。
The way of zhong shu(loyalty and empathy,忠恕)has long been regarded as a central Confucian virtue.In the late 20th century,the rise of global ethics in the West affirmed zhong shu as a moral principle of universal significance.Within Chinese academia,this affirmation has elicited three main responses:pluralistic endorsement,outright rejection,and partial revision.Among proponents,there is a clear tendency to emphasize shu over zhong,sometimes interpreting shu as encompassing or even substituting zhong.Critics,often drawing on German philosophy,argue that zhong shu is rooted in self-centered egoism,hegemonism,and the will to power,and therefore reject it entirely.The revisionist camp,while acknowledging such critiques,seeks to reinterpret and transform zhong shu through the lens of Western ethical concepts such as altruism,justice,and the ethic of care.Viewed historically,the meaning of zhong shu has evolved with changing intellectual contexts:in the pre-Qin era,it emphasized self-cultivation and political obligation;during the Song and Ming dynasties,it stressed ontological unity and moral efficacy;and in modern times,its significance is explored in both active and passive dimensions.Essentially,the way of zhong shu is grounded in a self-conception centered on duty and responsibility.Through the moral practice of ke ji(self-restraint,克己),it realizes a state of unity between self and others,subject and object,via the principle of yi ji wei ju(using oneself as the measure,以己为矩).It embodies a range of virtues,including justice,equality,benevolence,compassion,respect,and tolerance,and also integrates rationality and the spirit of moral admonition.In this sense,it serves as a pivotal virtue in the Confucian moral framework with universal relevance.The way of zhong shu represents a guiding ethical principle that unites universality and particularity.While recognizing the diversity of individual needs,it affirms the shared foundation of moral values.As a universal moral principle,zhong shu not only contributes to East Asian civilizations but also stands as a potential cornerstone for global ethics and modern moral culture.
出处
《南京大学学报(哲学.人文科学.社会科学)》
北大核心
2025年第3期92-113,159,共23页
Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(24&ZD224)。
