摘要
美国在第二次世界大战后主导的国际秩序遭遇了重大冲击。原来突出开放包容、制度扩散的秩序思想,变为强调提高“准入门槛”和强化身份边界。现有文献以“小多边主义”或“逆全球化”等概念来阐释这些现象,其底层逻辑仍是注解型理论的伸展或坍缩。自由国际主义是一种融合了现实主义与自由主义的广谱性理论,在美国学术界的发展下为国际秩序现状起到注解和修正的作用,它认为当前国际秩序是权力和制度的理性混合结果。本文综述了一系列非美国左翼学者代际积累后形成的一种“批判型理论”,透过“超国家卡特尔”概念来理解20世纪以来的国际秩序。该理论认为,现存国际秩序是显性和隐性要素分配下的结构,显性要素是国家在全球经济分配和军事实力中所处的位次,隐性要素是国家基于种族和共同经历而相互赋予的身份。两种要素分配中共属于顶层的国家形成“超国家卡特尔”联盟,它们将携手保护现有等级制的纯粹性。“超国家卡特尔”预言了现有国际秩序并不容易在经济和政治的高度发展下走向平等和包容,它将持续维护一种以财富、种族和共同经历为基础的国家间等级制。
The international order dominated by the United States after World War II has experienced significant changes.Initially characterized by openness,inclusiveness,and the diffusion of institutions,this order is now shifting towards stronger entry thresholds and identity boundaries.Scholars describe these changes using terms like“mini-multilateralism”and“anti-global-ization,”which are linked to legitimization theory.Lib-eral internationalism,a theory that blends realism and liberalism,is popular among American academics and plays a key role in legitimizing and revising the current international order.It posits that the order is a rational combination of power and institutions.This article re-views“critical theories”developed by new-generation left-wing scholars outside the United States,who argue that the 20th-century international order is characterized by a“supranational cartel.”This cartel is structured by both explicit elements,such as countries'rankings in global economic and military power,and implicit ele-ments,such as the identities countries assign to each other based on ethnicity and shared experiences.Coun-tries that rank high in either element collaborate to form alliances to maintain their privileges in the global hierar-chy.This“supranational cartel”hinders the development of an equal and inclusive international order,perpetuating a hierarchy based on wealth,ethnicity,and shared experi-ences.
关键词
自由国际主义
批判型理论
国际秩序
超国家卡特尔
Liberal internationalism
critical theory
international order
supranational cartels
作者简介
银培萩,复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院青年副研究员、复旦大学宗教与中国国家安全研究中心研究员。
