摘要
本研究从媒介经济学和媒介社会学的角度切入,针对美国新媒体社会的结构极化,进行了从实践到理论的深入分析,研究发现美国新媒体社会正在经历具有历史性意义的结构极化,整体分成两个典型阶段。第一阶段以新型横向垄断为特征,企业和产业的边际成本持续大幅降低,传统的单个或多个相关产业的纵向垄断,正逐步被横向垄断所取代。平台型企业在此间起到关键作用。本研究就此详细梳理了2014年至2023年间美国资本市场的经济数据,发现美国平台型新媒体巨头企业正加速建构的横向垄断,其核心动力源于对全球社会化数据资产的垄断及排他性价值开发,它拓展了美国新媒体社会结构极化的广度与深度。横向垄断的第二阶段以通用人工智能(GAI或AGI)作为关键催化剂,正逐步消除企业和产业成本的边际变化为特征,代之以成本的低位固化和无限趋近于零的宏观趋势。这导致不同产业之间通过技术和管理创新,实现关键成本交替下降的轮动演进模式很可能不复存在,全产业领域被人工智能生产力推进的横向垄断覆盖之后,美国社会结构已然非常严重的过度极化将进入难以逆转的失控进程。不过,GAI同时也孕育出像以公共产品与服务为核心价值的“被动型社会企业”寡头,毕竟支撑GAI的是社会化公共数据,取之于公,用之于公,更符合等价交换的市场原则。目前尽管只有OpenAI Non-profit这一个最艰难迈进中的孤例,但它所代表的“被动型社会企业”,却以鲜明的姿态选择了不再与国家霸权或技术霸权合作,而是以非营利模式,在“超国家形态的社会企业”路径上持续发展,或可能缓解并逆转美国新媒体社会过度极化的趋势,成就历史性的创新实践。
This study approaches the issue of structural polarization in the U.S.new media society from the perspectives of media economics and media sociology.It conducts an in-depth analysis from practice to theory,revealing that the U.S.new media society is undergoing a historically significant structural polarization,which can be divided into two typical stages.The first stage is characterized by new forms of horizontal monopolization,where the marginal costs of enterprises and industries continue to drop significantly.Traditional vertical monopolies within single or multiple related industries are being gradually replaced by horizontal monopolies.Platform companies play a pivotal role during this period.This study meticulously examines economic data from the U.S.capital market between 2014 and 2023,revealing that U.S.platform-based new media giants are accelerating their construction of horizontal monopolies.The core driving force behind this comes from the monopolization and exclusive value development of global social data assets,which expands the breadth and depth of structural polarization in the U.S.new media society.The second stage of horizontal monopolization is catalyzed by General Artificial Intelligence(GAI or AGI),which is gradually eliminating the marginal changes in costs for enterprises and industries,replacing them with a macro trend of low-cost stabilization and approaching zero.This leads to the likely disappearance of the alternating evolutionary model where key costs decline across different industries throughtechnological and management innovations.After the entireindustrial field is covered by AI-driven productivity under horizontal monopolization,the U.S.societal structure's already severe over-polarization will enter an uncontrollable process that is difficult to reverse.However,GAI also nurtures oligopolies of“passive social enterprises”centered on public goods and services.After all,the foundation supporting GAI is social public data,taken from the public and used for the public,which aligns more closely with the market principle of equivalent exchange.At present,although there is currently only one and most arduous example in progress,OpenAI Non-profit,the“passive social enterprise”it represents has clearly chosen not to collaborate with state hegemony or technological hegemony.Instead,it continues to develop in the form of a non-profit on the path of a“supranational social enterprise,”which may alleviate and even reverse the overly polarized trend in American new media society,achieving a historically innovative practice.
作者
周笑
张力文
Zhou Xiao;Zhang Liwen
出处
《美国问题研究》
2024年第2期1-28,235-236,共30页
Fudan American Review
基金
国家广电总局社科项目资助(GD2227)
复旦大学义乌研究院的科研项目资助(20-1-79)
关键词
新媒体社会
结构极化
社会企业
数据资产
横向垄断
分布式社会
new media society
structuralpolarization
social enterprises
data assets
horizontal monopolies
distributed Society
作者简介
周笑,复旦大学新闻学院教授,博导;张力文,复旦大学新闻学院博士研究生。
