摘要
事实与价值的分合这一古老的问题,不仅是哲学的基础问题,在现代,也成为了人类命运所系的现实问题。休谟以来的主流观点认为,事实与价值之所以分离,因为实然无法推出应然。但是,事实与价值的模态,可以对齐的是,实然与诚然,必然与应然,可能与可以,而不是实然与应然,并且,实然与诚然才是“是”在事实与价值两个面向的基本范畴。按照这种对齐,将塔斯基解决说谎者悖论的方式扩展到价值的面向,可以发现关于“是”的一般规则,即,实然与诚然相互蕴含。在此基础上,可以发现,关于悖论与矛盾的基本规则,就是逻辑与伦理相互蕴含的基本规则。虽然目前为止,科学与人文是在相互分离的情况下发展起来的,但如果以逻辑与伦理相互蕴含的基本规则为前提,科学与人文可以共同成为确定客观的“可能”与主观的“可以”的基本学科,工程技术与文化艺术的“设计”在此基础上才可能并且可以是具体的“事实”与“价值”贯通的“造物”活动。由此,本文呈现了一种从“事实”与“价值”的基础理论问题到具体“造物”设计问题的“体用一源”的解决方案。
The ancient problem of the separation and unity of fact and value is not only a fundamental issue in philosophy but also a practical concern crucial to human destiny in modern times.Since Hume,the mainstream view has held that the separation of fact and value arises because"what is"cannot derive"what ought to be".Due to this conundrum,various attempts to unify fact and value,both before and after Hume,have failed to effectively reverse the trend of separation from foundational theory to practical application.However,if we regard"actuality"as the basic modality of fact and further subdivide it into necessity and possibility,then we can similarly regard"sincerity"as the basic modality of value and distinguish its modalities into obligation and permissibility.This alignment pairs"actuality"with"sincerity",necessity with obligation,and possibility with permissibility,rather than"actuality"with"necessity".By extending Tarski's approach to solving the liar paradox to the realm of value,we can derive a general rule of"being":A subjective element corresponds to an objective element if and only if the objective element is what the subjective element signifies.This rule expresses that the"being"of fact and the"being"of value mutually imply each other;fact and value(meaning)are mutually implicative.To date,logic and ethics,since Aristotle,have evolved and developed in isolation and even in conflict with each other.The categories of fact and value—such as actuality and sincerity,necessity and obligation,possibility and permissibility—have,under this separation,formed the current definitions and usages without effective alignment.This paper,based on the general rule of"being,"rearticulates the fundamental rules concerning paradoxes and contradictions.It reveals that the basic rules of logic since ancient Greece and the basic rules of ethics or moral philosophy since pre-Qin China are inherently mutually implicative.According to these mutually implicative rules of logic and ethics,the modalities of fact—actuality,necessity,and possibility—and the modalities of value—sincerity,obligation,and permissibility—are mutually implicative.Although science and humanities have developed in isolation thus far,if we take the mutually implicative rules of logic and ethics as a premise,science and humanities can jointly become foundational disciplines for determining objective possibility and subjective permissibility.Only on this basis can the"design"of engineering technology and cultural arts become concrete"fact"and"value"-integrated"creation"activities.Thus,this paper presents a solution that spans from the foundational theoretical problem of"fact"and"value"to the practical design problem of"creation,"embodying a"unity of essence and application"approach.
作者
郭逸
刘俊宏
魏建武
Guo Yi;Liu Junhong;Wei Jianwu(School of Marxism Studies,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;School of Law,Shandong University,Weihai 264209,China)
基金
国家任务/科技部“新一代人工智能”国家科技重大专项(2022ZD0117900)。
关键词
事实
价值
实然
诚然
悖论
矛盾
fact
value
actuality
sincerity
paradox
contradiction
作者简介
郭逸(2000-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为马克思主义理论;刘俊宏(2000-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为法学理论;通讯作者:魏建武(1982-),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为哲学基础理论。E-mail:weijianwu@ucas.ac.cn。
