摘要
本文基于生成语法及韵律语法理论研究潮汕方言四种重叠结构的句法、韵律表现及生成机制。在潮汕方言的重叠类型中,名词重叠式(重叠式I)、单音节动词重叠式(重叠式II)的结构为[[X]N^(0)/V^(0)[X]N^(0)/V^(0)]A^(0),不具有派生性,属于构词重叠;动词短语重叠式(重叠式III)表示为[[X]_(XP)[X]_(XP)]_(AP),动补短语重叠式(重叠式IV)表示为[vVP]_(VP),由于重叠式III、重叠式IV的基式能根据结构模板进行重叠派生,重叠式III、重叠式IV属于句法重叠。我们借鉴词汇分解理论与轻动词结构来分析重叠式I、重叠式II、重叠式III的句法结构及其语义上的生成机制。重叠式IV是通过韵律激活句法的“提宾”操作而生成的。在音系层面(PF部门),重叠式I、重叠式II、重叠式III的变调边界均在整体结构的右边,重叠式IV则需要根据特定音变规则进行变韵或变声操作,最终向表层输出。
Based on the theory of Generative Syntax and Prosodic Grammar,this paper mainly studies the syntax,prosody and the generative mechanism of four reduplication structures in the Chaoshan dialects,examples shown as(1-4).(1)Reduplication I[[X]_(N0)[X]_(N0)]_(A0):a.Monosyllabic noun reduplication:gai^(55-11)naŋ^(55)#tə^(33-33)tə^(33)(n^(ε~11))#Cl person pig pig Part‘That man looks like a pig.’b.Multi-syllabic noun reduplication:i^(33)#^(sɛ33-33)lai^(55)#tək^(2-3)ko^(33-33)tək^(2-3)-ko^(33)(n^(ε~11))#he born Part bamboo punt-pole bamboo punt-pole Part‘He is tall and thin,just like a bamboo punt-pole.’(2)Reduplication II[[X]_(V0)[X]_(V0)]_(A0):ua^(53)#kiã^(33-33)kiã^(33)(n^(ε~11))#I fear fear Part‘I’m a little afraid.’(3)Reduplication III[[X]_(xP)[X]_(xP)]_(AP):i^(33)#t^(h)õĩ^(53-35)tioʔ^(5)#ãĩ^(213-42)k^(h)au^(213-42)ãĩ^(213-42)k^(h)au^(213)#he look Part to be cry to be cry‘It seemed like he wants to cry.’(4)Reduplication IV[vVP]_(VP):Pĩã^(53-24)-kuã^(33)#tsɛʔ^(5-2)tsiaʔ^(5-2)liao^(53)ao^(0)#biscuit eat eat finish SFP‘The biscuit has been eaten!’Firstly,Reduplication I and II mean“somebody/something has the attribute of N^(0)/V^(0)”.For example,“tə^(33-33)tə^(33)”(pig-pig)means“someone’s appearance,IQ or behavior have certain qualities of a pig”;“kiã^(33-33)kiã^(33)”(fear-fear)implies that“somebody/something is in a state of fear”.Because not all N^(0)or V^(0)can be derived by reduplicating the stem,these two are lexical reduplications,and are adjectives.Reduplication III describes a situation in which“somebody/something looks like...”or“an event will happen”,for example,“ãĩ^(213-42)k^(h)au^(213-42)ãĩ^(213-42)k^(h)au^(213)”means that“somebody is about to cry”.Reduplication IV emphasizes the action,for example,the additional meaning of(4)is:Regardless of how I eat it,I have finished eating it anyway.Reduplication III and IV can be derived by overlapping the stem directly,so they belong to syntactic reduplication.Secondly,we propose the generative mechanism of these forms of reduplication.As for Reduplication I,II and III,we propose that there is an INVOLVE empty light verb in the underlying structures,implying the semantics of“the state or the event that involves somebody/something”.Then a functional head(a^(0)),which has a reduplicating morpheme[abbreviation:RED],transforms the structure into an adjectival word through reduplication,as shown in(5-7):The vVR structure adds a vivid description of the action or event semantically,emphasizing the verbal structure.As a tonal language,Chaoshan dialect cannot use suprasegmental means freely to express prominence like the non-tonal languages.Therefore,in order to highlight the focus,the overlapping operation is an effective means of emphasizing it.We argue that Reduplication IV is the result of the interaction between the Focus Stress and the Nuclear Stress in the sentence.We take(4)as an example,the generative progress is shown in(8).Syntactically,the head of Asp^(0)carries the feature[F](focus),but as it has no phonetic realization,it attracts V^(0)[V-R]as a whole to move upwards through v and performs the overlapping operation(partially overlapping the verb‘tsiaʔ^(5)’which means“to eat”).Finally,the reduplication falls at the position of Asp,forming“tsɛʔ^(5-2)tsiaʔ^(5-2)liao^(53)pĩã^(53-24)-kuã^(33)”(finish eating the biscuit).At this point,although it meets the requirement of the syntactic structure,the vVR structure and the NP form a“strong-weak”prosodic structure.It neither meets the requirement of the Nuclear Stress Rule,nor realizes the Focus Stress on the verbal structure.Therefore,the non-focused object“biscuit”must move up to Spec,TP,leaving the final position for the verbal structure.At phonological level(PF),all reduplication needs to change the tone sandhi pattern in the base form(the syllable on the right boundary maintains the lexical tone),while Reduplication IV also needs to change the finals(韵母)in the base form,ultimately resulting in the surface structure.
作者
林晓燕
Lin Xiaoyan(School of Humanities,Zhaoqing Medical College)
出处
《韵律语法研究》
2023年第2期126-151,共26页
Studies in Prosodic Grammar
关键词
潮汕方言
构词重叠
句法重叠
生成语法
韵律语法
Chaoshan dialects
morphological reduplication
syntactic reduplication
syntax
prosody
作者简介
林晓燕,linxiaoyan0807@163.com。
