摘要
人类传播学范式演进的背景下,用户生成内容引发了全民参与的浪潮,产生了严峻的侵权问题。结合反公地悲剧理论,分析整合分散且排他的产权以合法使用他人作品面临高昂的交易成本,这激励了海量铤而走险的侵权行为。侵权数量可作为判定资源合法使用不足的重要指标,亦体现了用户的高频使用需求与合法利用可能性。更深层的原因在于非职业用户创造冲击了著作权基本法律关系,并与以产业化职业主体为规制对象的许可机制严重错位,有效集体管理的缺位进一步增加了碎片化权利的整合成本。对此,应完善合理使用制度以弱化权利的排他性,活用责任规则降低交易成本,促进在先作品的高效率合法使用与用户生成内容的创作繁荣,实现资源的更优配置。
User-generated content has triggered a wave of creation involving the participation of all people.It is the evolution from the linear communication model to the dynamic communication model.The booming development of related industries has led to serious infringement problems.Existing research focuses on how to increase the intensity of rights protection and punishment to govern infringement.There is a lack of research on how to promote cooperation between right holders and potential infringers,reduce transaction costs,and improve the utilization efficiency of works.This paper combines the theory of the tragedy of the anticommons to explore the rampant infringement problem in user-generated content.The main reason for the rampant infringement phenomenon is that the decentralized and exclusive rights make large-scale licensing face high transaction costs,which hinders the legal use of resources by potential users,and then leads to the tragedy of insufficient legal use of resources,which appears to be rampant infringement.The deeper reason is that the rise of user-generated content has impacted the basic legal relationship of copyright law.The existing copyright licensing mechanism takes industrialized professional entities as potential regulatory objects,while the use mode of works in user-generated content creation is characterized by decentralization,de-industrialization,and popularization of creators.The existing licensing mechanism is difficult to meet the high-frequency use needs of Internet users,and Internet users cannot afford the high transaction costs required by the current licensing mechanism.The absence of effective collective management makes it difficult to integrate fragmented and scattered rights,which encourages a lot of risky illegal infringements or directly suppresses the creative intentions of user-generated content creators.In either case,it will lead to inefficient legal allocation of resources.In this regard,this article proposes improving the fair use system to defend the public domain and weaken the exclusivity of rights in view of the specific situation of the anti-commons tragedy of user-generated content in China.Additionally,we should make use of the responsibility rules to improve the rights utilization mechanism,supplemented by a selective exit mechanism to cope with the high transaction costs caused by fragmented rights.The key to governing infringement is not to strengthen supervision to sever the connection between users and copyright holders,but to reduce transaction costs to promote contact and cooperation between the two.The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the following aspects.First,the perspective is different.The theory of the tragedy of the commons is used to analyze the infringement of user-generated content.The infringement problem not only involves the infringement of legitimate rights and interests,but also the dilemma of inefficient resource use.Second,it points out that the key to the occurrence and governance of the tragedy of the commons lies in transaction costs,and proposes to weaken the exclusivity of rights and make use of responsibility rules to reduce transaction costs and improve the efficiency of the legal use of resources.This paper explores the deep mechanism of the rampant infringement problem.It not only pays attention to copyright protection but also focuses on the multiple parties involved in the infringement problem and different interests.Turning infringement into cooperation,increasing the copyright income that the right holder deserves,and fully guaranteeing the user needs will help to seek a win-win path between the right holders and the users.
出处
《暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第11期74-88,共15页
Jinan Journal(Philosophy and Social Sciences)
基金
广东省哲学社会科学规划青年项目“智能机器生成数据权益的配置进路”(GD21YFX01)。
关键词
反公地悲剧
用户生成内容
交易成本
合法使用不足
侵权治理
tragedy of the anticommons
user-generated content
transaction costs
insufficient legal use of resources
infringement governance
