摘要
新中国对最高国家权力机关的创构,本质上就是中国共产党人对于马克思列宁主义国家理论和建政学说的中国化实践。基于巴黎公社确立的社会主义建政原则、苏俄/苏联的苏维埃制度实践、中国共产党领导下的中华苏维埃和边区参议会的探索发展以及新中国成立前后的华北人民政府和中央人民政府委员会的创制出新,“五四宪法”全面建构了最高国家权力机关的各项制度体系。厘定最高国家权力机关的最高性,需要释明四组关系:党的领导与最高国家权力机关的关系,人民与最高国家权力机关的关系,最高国家权力机关与宪法的关系,最高国家权力机关与其他中央国家机关的关系。经由四组关系的对比和判断,方能确定最高国家权力机关“何以最高”。基于最高国家权力机关的创构史,可归纳出最高国家权力机关的四点规范内涵:最高并非自足,即最高国家权力机关是党领导人民建政和执政的政治机关;最高立基民主,即最高国家权力机关是“在民主的基础上形成人民的政治一致性”的代表机关;最高但是有限,即最高国家权力机关一旦完成制宪后就成为宪法之下的有限机关;最高兼容分工,即最高国家权力机关是产生并监督其他中央国家机关的权源机关。
The creation of the highest organ of state power in China is essentially the Sinicization of Marxist-Leninist state theory and political science by the Communist Party of China.Based on the socialist principles of regime-building established by the Paris Commune,the Soviet system practiced in Soviet Russia(or USSR),the exploration and development of the Chinese Soviet and Border Region Senate under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,and the innovation of the North China People's Government and the Central People's Government Committee before and after the founding of the PRC,the"1954 Constitution"comprehensively constructed the institutional system of the highest organ of state power.To define the supremacy of the highest organ of state power,it is necessary to clarify four sets of relationships:the relationship between the Party's leadership and the highest organ of state power,the relationship between the people and the highest organ of state power,the relationship between the highest organ of state power and the Constitution,and the relationship between the highest organ of state power and other central state organs.Only by comparing and determining these relationships can we understand"why the highest organ of state power is supreme".Based on the history of the creation of the highest organ of state power,four normative connotations of the highest organ of state power can be summarized:supremacy is not self-sufficient in that the highest organ of state power is a political organ for the Party to lead the people in establishing and exercising state power;supremacy is based on democracy where the highest organ of state power acts as a representative organ that"forms the political consensus of the people on the basis of democracy";supremacy has its limitations since the highest organ of state power becomes a limited organ under the Constitution once the Constitution is formulated;and supremacy is compatible with division of work,which indicates that the highest organ of state power,as the sources of state power,generates and supervises other central state organs.
出处
《党内法规研究》
2024年第4期23-45,共23页
Research on Intraparty Rules and Regulations
基金
教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“中国共产党领导法治工作历史进程与经验研究”(21JZD009)。
关键词
最高国家权力机关
党的领导
人民至上
根本法
议行合一
the highest organ of state power
the party's leadership
the supremacy of the people
the fundamental law
the combination of legislative and executive powers
作者简介
王理万,中国政法大学人权研究院副教授。
