摘要
启蒙蕴含在高等教育的基本功能中,以人才培养的各个环节为载体,通过高深知识的生产传播,追求富足的精神生活,从而帮助社会成员的认知获得解放。因此,真正的启蒙功能需要通过高深知识和思辨训练来实现,目的在于重新让现代社会的人拥有辨识虚伪和摆脱盲从的能力。虽然启蒙在教育中最初体现在学前教育阶段,但是现代文明的进步已经使社会成员意识到启蒙功能的释放无法单纯依靠某一阶段的教育活动来实现,启蒙的对象也不仅限于幼儿,而是超越年龄和学龄的持续性认知建构活动。值得关注的问题是,人类在现代化进程中虽然依靠自然和科学技术破除了原始迷信和自然蒙昧,但又对征服世界的技术产生了信仰,失去了理性与想象力。历史上,启蒙功能借由智识生活和高深知识的传播逐渐实现,古典高等教育以“爱智”哲学为手段,开辟人的精神空间使其摆脱对未知世界的恐惧。中世纪大学一方面扩大了智识启蒙的范畴,另一方面也面临神学笼罩下心智沦陷的危机,大学的僵化导致启蒙功能的萎缩,进而出现诸多“反启蒙”现象。进入现代社会,知识获取方式的便捷化与技术边界的扩展,促使受教育者获取知识的成本更低。然而,在绩效主义影响下,高等教育在制度上已经成为社会成员获取学历的手段;人才培养以就业为目标导致受教育者难以感受认知格局提升带来的愉悦;各类教育转向考试技能训练,结果是专业知识无法获得应有的尊重,并加速了“反智主义”的流行。在高等教育普及化时代,由于启蒙功能的缺失,社会成员面临精神层面的空虚与焦虑。为此,高等教育本身需要在人才培养目标、科学研究指向上被重新启蒙,教化社会成员获取感受真实世界的能力,抵御盲从和自负,重回启迪心智与传播理性的功能。
Enlightenment is embedded in the basic functions of higher education,using various stages of talent cultivation as carriers,and through the production and dissemination of advanced knowledge,pursuing effective spiritual life,thereby helping to liberate the cognition of social members.Therefore,the true function of enlightenment requires advanced knowledge and speculative training to be achieved,with the aim of enabling modern society’s people to have the ability to identify hypocrisy and overcome blind obedience.Although enlightenment was initially was reflected in preschool education,the progress of modern civilization has made members of society realize that the release of the function of enlightenment cannot be achieved solely through educational activities at a certain stage,and the objects of enlightenment are not limited to young children,but continuous cognitive construction activities beyond age and school age.The most noteworthy issue is that in the process of modernization,humans have relied on natural science and technology to dispel primitive superstitions and natural ignorance,but have also developed a belief in the technology of conquering the world,losing rationality and imagination.In history,the function of enlightenment was gradually realized through the dissemination of intellectual life and advanced knowledge.Classical higher education used the philosophy of“love for intelligence”as a means to open up the spiritual space of people and free them from fear of the unknown world.On the one hand,medieval universities expanded the scope of intellectual enlightenment,but on the other hand,they also faced the crisis of mental collapse under the influence of theology.The rigidity of universities led to a decline in the function of enlightenment,resulting in many“anti-enlightenment”phenomena.In modern society,the convenience of knowledge acquisition methods and the expansion of technological boundaries have made the cost of acquiring knowledge lower for learners.Under the control of performance-based education,higher education has become a means of obtaining academic qualifications in the system.The function of talent cultivation is aimed at employment,and learners find it difficult to feel the pleasure brought by the improvement of cognitive patterns.The result of various types of education shifting towards exam skill training is that professional knowledge cannot be effectively respected and accelerates the spread of anti-intellectualism.In the era of popularization of higher education,due to the lack of enlightenment function,members of society face spiritual emptiness and anxiety.Therefore,higher education itself needs to be reenlightened in terms of talent cultivation goals and scientific research direction,educating members of society to acquire the ability to feel the real world,resisting blind obedience and arrogance,and returning to the function of enlightening the mind and spreading rationality.
作者
李海龙
LI Hailong(College of Educational Sciences,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China)
出处
《重庆高教研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第5期113-127,共15页
Chongqing Higher Education Research
基金
国家社会科学基金教育学一般项目“通向世界一流学科的组织化路径建构与中国经验研究”(BIA200190)。
关键词
高等教育
启蒙价值
心智启迪
反智主义
higher education
enlightenment value
the inspiration of mind
anti-intellectualism
作者简介
李海龙,男,北京市人,扬州大学教育科学学院副教授,教育学博士,主要从事高等教育原理研究。
