摘要
为揭示古琴的髹漆工艺,了解其制作工艺特点,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜联用能谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱仪和红外显微镜对馆藏龚承钧仲尼式琴修复时掉落的漆膜残片的表面、底面和特征部位的横截面进行了观察与检测分析。结果表明:该琴的漆膜包括漆层、漆灰层和裹布层,整体厚度较厚,用料十分丰富。漆层为上黑下丹结构,即上层为黑色漆层,下层为朱色漆层,显色物质为朱砂,两者的成膜成分都为大漆。漆灰层包括底灰层、中灰层和面灰层,底灰层与中灰层的粗细程度相差不大,面灰层最细,每层漆灰髹涂之后表面未经打磨。底灰层由黄铜、鹿角霜、硬石膏和大漆混合而成;中灰层由鹿角霜、硬石膏、大漆以及近似椭球形颗粒物四种物质组成,其中近似椭球形颗粒物是提前制备好后再用于中灰层的制作,由二氧化硅、氧化铁和非常少量的锐钛型二氧化钛三种物质混合而成;面灰层由硬石膏和大漆混合而成。裹布层是先髹涂硬石膏和大漆的混合物,再裱布,最后再髹涂一层硬石膏与大漆的混合物,裹布层所用织物可能为葛布。该琴漆膜所用的大漆中均加入了干性油成分。综合分析结果揭示了该琴漆膜的分层结构、物质组成以及髹漆工艺特点,推测该琴琴音压抑而短促,音色细紧,且在民国时期有做过修复。
In order to reveal the process of lacquering a Guqin(Chinese zither)and to understand the characteristics of its production,several analytical tools(optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry,micro-Raman spectrometry and infrared microscopy)were used to observe,detect and analyze the surface,bottom and cross section of the lacquer film fragments encountered during the restoration of Gong Chengjun’s Zhongni-style Guqin.The results show that the lacquer film of the Guqin included a lacquer layer,a lacquer ash layer and a wrapping layer.Abundant materials were used for the lacquer film,which was very thick.The upper part of the lacquer layer was black and the lower one red,the colorant was vermilion and the film forming components of both were lacquer.The lacquer ash layer included the bottom,middle and the surface ash parts.There was little difference in particle size between the bottom and middle ones,and the surface one was the finest.Furthermore,the surface of each part of the ash layer was not polished after lacquering.The bottom ash part was composed of copper alloy,Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum,anhydrite and lacquer.The middle ash part was composed of Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum,anhydrite,lacquer and nearly ellipsoidal particles.These particles,a mixture of silicon dioxide,iron oxide and a very small amount of anatase titanium dioxide,were prepared in advance and then used for the production of the middle ash layer.The surface ash layer was composed of anhydrite and lacquer.The process of making the wrapping layer was to paint a mixture of anhydrite and lacquer,then lay the cloth,and finally paint a mixture of anhydrite and lacquer again.The fabric used in the wrapping layer may be ko-hemp cloth.Dry oil was added into all the lacquer which was used in the Guqin.Based on a comprehensive analysis of the results,the layered structure,material composition and lacquering process characteristics of the lacquer film of the Guqin were understood.It is speculated that the sound of the Guqin is suppressed and short,that the tone is fine and tight,and that the Guqin was restored during the period of the Republic of China.
作者
蔺朝颖
LIN Chaoying(Hunan Museum(Hunan Provincial Cultural Relics Identification Center),Changsha 410005,China;Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Archaeometry,Conservation and Utilization of Cultural Relics(Hunan Museum),Changsha 410005,China)
出处
《文物保护与考古科学》
北大核心
2024年第4期107-117,共11页
Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology
基金
湖南博物院院级自立课题(202003)资助。
关键词
古琴
漆膜
髹漆工艺
检测分析
Guqin
Lacquer film
Lacquering technique
Detection and analysis
作者简介
蔺朝颖(1991-),女,2017年硕士毕业于中南大学材料工程专业,馆员,研究方向为文物检测分析,E-mail:1538287326@qq.com。
