摘要
与原《中华人民共和国合同法》不同,《中华人民共和国民法典》第581条将替代履行规定为一般性违约救济措施。该条文看似全面规定了替代履行的构成要件与法律效果,但在具体适用时仍然面临规范不足的问题。一方面,第581条仅规定了两个要件即债务人违约以及“债务的性质不得强制履行”。结合替代履行自身特性以及当事人之间的利益平衡,还应当满足如下构成要件:债务具有可替代性;替代履行须具备合理性;债权人选择替代履行时须通知债务人。鉴于我国合同法并未采用实际履行优先原则,在对第581条进行规则补强时,不应当将“债权人在替代履行前为债务人设定宽限期”作为替代履行权利行使的前提。另一方面,《中华人民共和国民法典》第581条规定的法律后果,即请求债务人负担替代履行的费用,仅适用于满足上述构成要件的情形(“适法的替代履行”),因此,第581条无法回应不满足上述构成要件(“不适法的替代履行”)的情形下替代履行费用是否由债务人承担以及如何承担的问题,对此,须就不同情形分别讨论。债权人为不适法的替代履行所支出的费用在满足特定前提时可通过损害赔偿请求权、不当得利返还请求权等方式转嫁于债务人。不过,“不适法的替代履行”可能有损债务人的利益,因此,并非替代履行的全部费用均可转嫁于债务人,而是进行相应的扣减。
Unlike the previous Contract Law,Article 581 of the Civil Code stipulates substitute performance as a general remedy for breach of contract.Although this article seems to comprehensively regulate the constituent elements and legal effects of the substitute performance,its specific application is confronted with the problem of insufficient norm.On one hand,Article 581 only stipulates two elements:the debtor’s breach of contract and"the debt is not subject to specific performance".Considering the characteristics of substitute performance and the balance of interests between the parties,the following requirements should also be met:(1)the debt is substitutable;(2)substitute performance must be reasonable;(3)the creditor must inform the debtor of the choice of substitute performance.Since the Contract Law does not adopt the principle of specific performance as a priority,when rule-oriented supplementation is conducted toward Article 581,"the creditor granting a grace period to the debtor before the substitute performance"should not be considered as a prerequisite for the exercise of the right to substitute performance.On the other hand,the legal effect of Article 581 which means the expense of substitute performance shall be borne by the debtor,only apply to cases where the above-mentioned constituent elements are met(lawful substitute performance),thus Article 581 cannot respond to the issue of whether the expense of substitute performance should be borne by the debtor and how to bear such expense in cases where the constituent elements are not satisfied(unlawful substitute performance),and different situations need to be discussed separately.The expense paid by the creditor for unlawful substitute performance can be shifted to the debtor through claim for compensation or claim for restitution of unjust enrichment at the time of satisfying certain preconditions.However,"unlawful substitute performance"may damage the interest of the debtor,so not all expenses of substitute performance may be shifted to the debtor,and corresponding deduction shall be made.
出处
《政治与法律》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第7期127-141,共15页
Political Science and Law
关键词
适法的替代履行
不适法的替代履行
实际履行
债务人补救
Lawful Substitute Performance
Unlawful Substitute Performance
Specific Performance
Cure by Non-performing Party
作者简介
任倩霄,吉林大学法学院讲师、法学博士。
